TX 

557 



S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS— BULLETIN NO. 132. 



A. C. TRUE, Dii 



CALIFORNIA ACRNTLTl'RAL EXPERIMENT STATION'. 



10O1-19O2. 



By M. K. JAFFA, M 

A<,KI< ri.Tl'Hi:, pNJVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 




WASHINGTON: 

PBIKTING OFFICE 
190 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, 
i 

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS— BULLETIN NO. 132. 



A. C. TRUE, Director 



^2~& 



IGATK 



CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 



1901-1902. 



By M. E. JAFFA, M. S., 

Assistant Professor of Agriculture, University of California. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1903. 



OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 

A. C. True, Ph. P.. Director. 

E. AY. Allen. Ph. P.. Assistant Director and Editor of Experiment Station Record. 
C. F. Langwokthy, Ph. P., Editor and Expert on Foods and Animal Production. 

NUTRITION INYESTIG ATIONS. 

W. 0. Atwatek. Ph. D., Chit f of Nutrition Investigations, Middletown, Conn. 

C. P. Woods, B. S., Special Agent at Orono, Me. 

F. G. Benedict, Ph. P., Physiological Chemist, Middletown, Conn. 

E. P. AIilxejr. Ph. B.. Editorial Assistant, Middletown, Conn. 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Office of Experiment Stations, 

Washington, J). C, June 20, 1903. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report of investiga- 
tions among' fruitarians carried on at the Agricultural Experiment 
Station of the University of California in 1901-2 b} T M. E. Jaffa, assist- 
ant professor of agriculture at the University of California, and 
recommend that it be published as Bulletin No. 132 of this Office. 
The special object of this and the earlier work which it continues 
was a study of the value of fruits and nuts when these articles consti- 
tute an integral part of the diet. Nine dietary studies and thirty-one 
digestion experiments were carried on. In the majorit} 7 of the dietary 
studies and all but one of the digestion experiments fruit and nuts 
constituted all or almost all of the diet. The results of the investiga- 
tion emphasize the fact that both fruit and nuts should be considered 
as true foods rather than food accessories, a fact which is commonly 
overlooked. 

Credit is due Prof. G. E. Colby and Mr. C. A. Friebel for assistance 
in the chemical work incidental to this investigation. 
Respectfully, 

A. C. True, 

Director. 
Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 



U.f.8E0lQ6!CAl 3UWEV 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Introduction 7 

Composition of the fruits, nuts, and other materials 8 

Composition of feces and urine obtained in digestion experiments 12 

The dietary studies 19 

Dietary study of a fruitarian (No. 355) 19 

Dietary study of a vegetarian (No. 356) 21 

Dietary study of a boy (No. 357) 22 

Dietary study of a girl fruitarian ( No. 358 ) 23 

Dietary study of a fruitarian (No. 359) 24 

Dietary study of a student (No. 360) 25 

Dietary study No. 361 26 

Dietary study No. 362 27 

Dietary study of a fruitarian (No. 363 ) 29 

Discussion of the dietaries 30 

Digestion experiments 34 

Experiments with \V. S. M 35 

Digestion experiment No. 388 35 

Digestion experiment No. 389 36 

Digestion experiment No. 390 37 

Digestion experiment No. 393 37 

Digestion experiment No. 394 38 

Digestion experiment No. 396 39 

Digestion experiment No. 398 39 

Digestion experiment No. 401 40 

Digestion experiment No. 403 41 

Digestion experiment No. 405 42 

Digestion experiment No. 406 42 

Discussion of digestion experiments with subject W. S. M 43 

Experiments with C. P. H 47 

Digestion experiment No. 391 47 

Digestion experiment No. 392 48 

Digestion experiment No. 395 49 

Digestion experiment No. 397 50 

Digestion experiment No. 399 51 

Digestion experiment No. 400 52 

Digestion experiment No. 402 53 

Digestion experiment No. 404 53 

Digestion experiment No. 407 54 

Digestion experiment No. 408 55 

Digestion experiment No. 409 56 

Digestion experiment No. 410 56 

Digestion experiment No. 411 57 

Digestion experiment No. 412 58 

5 



6 

Digestion experiments — Continued. 

Experiments with C. P. H. — Continued. ■ Page. 

Digestion experiment No. 413 59 

Digestion experiment No. 414 58 

Digestion experiment Xo. 41o _ 60 

Discussion of digestion experiments with subject C. P. H SI 

Experiments with A. V. and J. £. B 66 

Digestion experiment No. 416 66 

Digestion experiment No. 417 67 

Digestion experiment No. 41S 68 

General summary of digestion experiments 68 

Income and outgo of nitrogen 70 

Amount of feces on a fruitarian diet 72 

Metabolic nitrogen in the feces 73 

Pecuniary economy of fruits and nuts 76 

Summary SO 



INVESTIGATIONS AMONG FRUITARIANS IN 
CALIFORNIA, 1901-2. 



INTRODUCTION. 

An investigation of the nutritive value of fruits, instituted by the 
Office of Experiment Stations, was undertaken at the University of 
California in 1900-1901, and dietaries of five fruitarians — two women 
and three children — were studied. At the same time with one of the 
children— a girl — a digestion experiment was made in which fruit and 
nuts constituted the entire diet. A study of the income and outgo of 
nitrogen and the estimation of the so-called metabolic nitrogen in the 
feces were included in the digestion experiment. The results, which 
were given in an earlier publication/* showed in every case that though 
the diet had a low protein and energy value, the subjects were appar- 
ently in excellent health and had been so during the five to eight years 
the} T had been living in this manner. 

In continuing the investigations on the nutritive value of fruits and 
nuts it was deemed advisable to extend the work to include, in addi- 
tion to the women and children previously studied, subjects whose 
lives and habits differed considerably from those of the earlier inves- 
tigation. Accordingly four men were selected, two being past the 
middle age and two young men university students. The elderl} r men 
had been more or less strict vegetarians and fruitarians for years. 
One of the young men had been experimenting with the fruitarian 
diet for several years, while the other was accustomed to the ordinary 
mixed diet. 

The purposes of the inquiry were in brief: (1) To make dietary 
studies and digestion experiments in which the diet should consist 
exclusively or largely of fruit and nuts; (2) to obtain information 
regarding the practicability of maintaining nitrogen equilibrium in 
the bod} T with an exclusive fruit and nut diet, and (3) to collect data 
on the digestibility of fruit and nuts. 

In studying these problems 9 dietary studies have been made in 
which, with 2 exceptions, the food consisted chiefly of fruit and nuts, 
and 31 digestion experiments with the four subjects just referred to, 
in 13 of which fruit and nuts constituted the main and in 17 the entire 
diet. 

The income and outgo of nitrogen was determined in each of the 
digestion experiments, and the so-called metabolic nitrogen in the 
feces was also studied. 

a U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 107. 



COMPOSITION OF THE FRUITS, NUTS, AND OTHER MATERIALS. 

Samples of fruits and nuts and of some cereal preparations were 
analyzed in connection with the dietary studies and digestion experi- 
ments. The methods were those adopted by the Association of Offi- 
cial Agricultural Chemists. a In addition to the usual analyses, the 
crude fiber was determined in all samples examined as being of special 
interest in a fruitarian diet. The results obtained for this constituent, 
however, are not fully satisfactory, since the determinations of fiber 
in the fresh sample of fruit and in the same sample dried in the usual 
manner gave disagreeing results. The study of so-called crude fiber 
in fruits deserves to receive further attention. The heat of combus- 
tion of the feces and of many of the foods was determined at Wesleyan 
University, Middletown, Conn. The analytical results obtained in the 
present inquiry are summarized in Table 1. 

Detailed descriptions of the different samples of fruits and nuts 
analyzed are hardly necessary. The only fruit which requires special 
mention is No. 201, scarlet haw, a small red fruit, from the tree of 
same name (Crataegus coccinea), which is about the size of a cherry 
and has a comparatively large seed. It is not commonly used as food. 

Nos. 243 and 244, "Granose" and "Optasite," are wheat prepara- 
tions. No. 246, "Gofio," is a combination of cereals, roasted until 
quite brown, and then finely ground. It is eaten dry or moistened 
with water, milk, honey, or fruit juice. This food product is largely 
used by the inhabitants of the Canary Islands. Nos. 247, "Fruit 
Nuts," 248, "Fruit Nuts Malted," and 249, "Malt Nuts," are also 
cereal preparations, and apparently the grain used has been malted 
during the process of manufacture. 

Table 1. — Composition of food materials used in dietary studies and digestion 
experiments — composition determined. 



Food materials. 



.£8 



Carbohy- 
drates. 



g.3 



IS. 



oi Pig 
0),Q be 
W 



FRESH FRUITS. 



Bellflower, edible portion 

Bellflower, as purchased 

Newtown Pippin, edible por- 
tion 

Newtown Pippin, as purchased 

Winesap, edible portion 

Winesap, as purchased 

Pearmain, edible portion 

Pearmain, as purchased 

Rhode Island Greening, edible 
portion 

Rhode Island Greening, as 
purchased 

Spitzenburg, edible portion 

Spitzenburg, as purchased 



Average, edible portion . 
Average, as purchased . . . 



Per ct. 
"i6."3~ 



242 

242a 

227 

227a 

229 

229a 

230 

230a 
232 

232: i 



12.3 
i5.Y 
16.T 



14.5 

ii'6" 



Per ct. 
87.54 
73.28 

82.68 
72. 51 
88.04 
74.74 
88.50 



74.16 

83.75 
72.03 



Per ct. 
0.64 
.53 

.63 
.55 



Per ct. 
0.65 
.54 

.15 
.13 



Per ct. 
9.77 
8.18 

15.15 
13. 29 
10.02 

8.51 
10.14 

8.47 

n.55 



14.59 
12. 54 



Per ct. 
1.11 



1.21 
1.06 

.87 
.74 



Per ct. 
0.29 
.24 



86.21 
73. 45 



11.87 
10.14 



.88 
.75 



Calories. 
0.249 
.208 

.320 
.281 
.228 
.194 
.210 
.176 



,301 
.259 



.257 
.220 



»U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Chemistry Bui. 46, revised. 



Table 1. 



-Composition of food materials used in dietary studies and i 
experiments — composition determined — Continued. 



Food materials. 



Carbohy- 
drates. 



fresh fruits— continued. 



Bananas: • 

Edible portion . 
As purchased... 



Grapes: 

Muscat, edible portion 

Muscat, as purchased 

Tokay, edible portion 

Tokay, as purchased 

Verdal, edible portion 

Verdal, as purchased 

Cornichon, edible portion . 
Cornichon, as purchased. . . 

Average, edible portion . 
Average, as purchased. . . 



Oranges: 

Navel, edible portion. , 
Navel, as purchased . . , 
Navel, edible portion. . 
Navel, as purchased . . 



Average, edible portion . 
Average, as purchased. . . 



Pears: 

Easterbury, edible portion 

Easterbury, as purchased 

Duchess, edible portion 

Duchess, as purchased 

Glout Morceau, edible portion. 
Glout Morceau, as purchased . . 
Winter Neliss, edible portion. . 
Winter Neliss, as purchased. . . 

Guava, edible portion 

Guava, as purchased 



Average, edible portion.. 
Average, as purchased . . . 



Japanese persimmons: 

Large Seedling, edible portion . 
Large Seedling, as purchased . . 

Tane Nashi, edible portion 

Tane Nashi, as purchased 

Yemon, edible portion 

Yemon, as purchased 



Average, edible portion. 
Average, as purchased . . 



Olives: 

Mission, edible portion. 
Mission, as purchased. . 
Mission, edible portion. 
Mission, as purchased.. 



Average, edible portion. 
Average, as purchased . . 



Scarlet haws: 

Edible portion . 

As purchased... 
Watermelon: 

Edible portion . 

As purchased... 



DRIED FRUITS. 

Raisins: 

Edible portion 

As purchased 

Prunes: 

Edible portion 

As purchased 



212 
212a 



202 

2H2a 

205 

205a 

211 

211a 

207 

207a 



236 
236a 
237 

237i 



204 
204a 
224 
221a 
225 
225a 
226 
226a 
235 
235a 

51 
51a 



21.8 
13." 6* 
20." i' 
27.'6" 
13.2" 



19.14 



203 

203; 

215 
215a 
216 
216a 

52 



22.4 

is's" 

30." 1 



23.97 



239 
239a 
240 

240a 



16.8 
18." 9 ' 



201 
201a 



200 
200a 



257 
257a 



Per ct. 
77.15 



J'er ct. 
1.60 
1.01 



Per ct. 
0.24 
.15 



Per ct. 
19. 68 
12.41 



72. 87 
87. 12 
68.92 
85.06 
65. 85 
86.78 
66.73 



13.38 
11.49 
11.36 

8.98 
12. 68 

9.81 



85.95 



12. 20 

9.76 



.29 
.23 



86.26 
61.59 
86.72 
67.03 



1.45 
1.04 
1.07 



10.84 
7.74 

10.84 
8.38 



.60 
.43 
.60 



.57 

.45 



1.26 
.94 



10. 84 



64.86 
85.00 
73.45 
80.60 
64.40 
76.08 
55.54 
80.00 
69 43 



1.15 
.89 
.80 
.69 
.83 
.66 

1.02 
.74 

1.13 



13.30 
10.40 
12. 97 
11.21 
16.59 
13.26 
19.17 
14.00 
16.60 
14.41 



1.48 
1.16 
.70 
.60 
1.10 
.88 
2.78 
2.03 
1.31 
1.14 



80.92 



15.73 
12.66 



1.47 
1.16 



.33 
.27 



77.04 
59.77 
81.93 
66. 53 
81.66 



161 
1.25 
1.16 

.94 
1.32 

.92 



19.39 
15.05 
12.81 
10.40 
13.19 
9.14 



.72 
2.93 



2.37 
1.64 



1513 
11.53 



70.33 
58. 51 



2.52 
2.04 



23.01 
18.66 



2.52 
2.04 



3.03 
3.05 
2.47 



2.48 
2.04 



17.07 
13.96 



3.35 
2.75 



75. 83 
60.65 



92. 17 
35. 03 



28.47 

25.77 



29. 14 
25.67 



4.55 
4.12 



2.54 
2.24 



18.57 
14.85 



62.57 
56.63 



63.37 
55.83 



2.13 
1.74 



1.65 
1.45 



.61 
.42 



5.22 
4.23 



4.43 
3.63 



3.14 

2.84 



10 



Table 1.- 



-Composition of food materials used in dietary studies and 
experiments — composition determined — Continued. 



Food materials. 



Carbohy- 
drates. 



CANNED FRUITS. 

Peaches, as purchased 

NUTS. 

Almonds: 

Edible portion 

As purchased 

Blanched, as purchased 

Brazil nuts: 

Edible portion 

As purchased 

Shelled, as purchased 

Cocoanuts: 

Edible portion 

As purchased a 

Pecans: 

Edible portion 

As purchased 

Shelled, as purchased 

Peanuts: 

Edible portion 

As purchased 

Pignolias (pine nuts), as pur- 
chased 

Walnuts: 

Edible portion 

As purchased 

Nut preparation: 

Nut and fig " bromose," as pur- 
chased „ 

Cereals: 

Bread (St. Helena Sanitarium, 
Cal. ), as purchased 

Granose, as purchased 

Optasite, as purchased 

Rice, as purchased 

Gofio, as purchased 

Fruit nuts, as purchased 

Fruit nuts (malted), as pur- 
chased 

Malt nuts, as purchased 



249 
249a 
250 

254 
254a 
210 

231 
231a 

234 

234a 



255 
255a 



223 
223a 



Per ct. 
86.45 



4.42 
2.25 
4.00 

5.28 
2.69 
4.33 

19.17 
13.03 

r'S. 50 
1.72 

4.30 



3.29 
6.13 



3.97 
1.57 



32. 51 
9.56 

11.76 

11.90 
6.37 

11.18 

8.31 
4.74 



Per ct. 
0.55 



17. 28 
8.78 
17.68 

18.00 
9.18 
19.78 

5.25 
3.57 

12.17 
5.99 



32. 64 
22. 03 



24.58 
9.73 



11.57 
10.94 
11. 12 
10.98 
12. 87 
13.48 

13.20 
4.46 



Per ct. 
12. 20 



66.07 
33.70 
63.31 

51.00 
34.66 



34.14 
71.52 



31.95 
47.00 



62.92 
24.92 



.62 
1.03 
.44 
.06 
2.82 
6.05 

3.42 



54.01 
74.39 
74. 58 
76.35 
70.43 
67.21 

71.75 



Per ct. 
0.37 



2.58 
1.31 



4.22 
2.15 
2.96 



4.29 
2.11 
3.17 



1.34 
1.55 



1.87 
.74 



.52 
1.82 
.45 
.41 
5.10 
1.30 



Per ct. 
0.43 



2.78 
1.41 
2.70 

2.65 
1.35 
3.62 

1.14 

.78 

1.51 
.74 

1.55 



1.73 

4.15 



1.91 
.76 



1.65 
.30 
2.41 

.78 

1.32 



3.129 
1.589 
3.147 

3.397 
1.732 
3.125 

2.712 
1.843 

3.437 

1.690 
3.551 

3.040 
2.052 



3.318 
1.314 



1.344 
1.775 
1.748 
1.718 
1.883 
1.870 

1.837 
1.732 



a Shell and milk included in refuse. 

A number of the foods were not analyzed, as it was believed their 
composition could be assumed with sufficient accuracy from analyses 
previously reported. The following table includes the data for such 
foods : 

Table 2. — Composition of food materials used in dietary studies — composition assumed. 





Refer- 
ence 
No. 


Water. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Energy 

per 
gram.« 


Food materials. 


Sugar, 
starch, 

etc. 


Crude 
fiber. 


ANIMAL FOODS. 

Beef: 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 


Per ct. 
62.7 
53.6 
65.5 
62.6 
92.9 
40.3 


Per ct. 
18.: 
15.3 
19.8 
16.0 
4.4 
16.1 


Per ct. 
18.0 
26.2 
13.6 
20.4 
.4 
38.8 


Per ct. 


Per ct. 


Per ct. 
1.0 
4.9 
1.1 
1.0 
1.2 
4.8 


Calories. 
2.436 








3.076 








2.095 


Beef heart, edible portion 






2.558 


1.1 




.265 


Pork, ham, edible portion 


4.277 



at Fuel value, not heat of combustion. 



11 

Table 2. — Composition of food materials used in dietary studies, etc. — Continued. 



Food materials. 



animal foods— eontmued. 
Fish: 

Striped bass, edible portion. . . 

Lobster, edible portion 

Milk 

Butter 

Cottage cheese 

Eggs 



VEGETABLE FOODS. 

Cereals: 

Bread, corn 

Bread, white 

Cake, cup 

Crackers, Graham 

Gluten flour 

Oatmeal, boiled 

Pie, pudding, etc.: 

Apple pie 

Custard pie 

Tapioca pudding 

Rice custard 

Gelatin 

Vegetables: 

Artichoke 

Beans, edible portion 

Beans, baked 

Cabbage, edible portion 

Canteloupe, edible portion ... 

Cauliflower, as purchased 

Lettuce, edible portion 

Potatoes 

Tomatoes, as purchased 

Fresh fruits: Pomegranates, edi 

ble portion 

Dried fruits: 

Apricots 

Figs, edible portion 

Dates, edible portion 

Dates, as purchased ft 

Berries: 

Loganberries 

Strawberries 

Raspberries, red 

Preserves: Apple sauce 

Nuts: 

Filbert, edible portion 

Hickory nuts, edible portion .. 

Peanut butter 

Cocoanut milk 

Sugar, starch, and oil: 

Sugar 

Sago 

Honey 

Olive oil 

Whisky c 



Refer- 
ence 
No. 



77.7 
79.2 



11.0 
72.0 



38. 9 

32.0 
15. 6 
5.4 
12.65 

84.5 

42.5 
62.4 
64.5 
59.4 
13.6 

79. 5 
68.9 
63.3 
91.5 
89.5 
92.3 
94.7 
75.1 
94. 3 



29.4 
22.7 



86.4 
61.1 



12.2 
18.2 



18.3 
16.4 
3.3 
1.0 
20. 9 
14.0 



10.0 
20.0 

2.8 



3.3 
4.0 
84.2 



1.6 
.6 



2.6 
.9 

1.5 



1.09 
1.0 
1.5 



15.6 
15.4 
29.3 



Per, <i. 
2.8 
1.8 
4.0 

85.0 
1.0 

12.0 



9.0 
9.4 
2.65 



9.8 
6.3 



1.0 

'.'3 
.3 

""."6" 



65.3 
67.4 
46.5 



Carbohydrates. 



Sugar, 
starch, 



0.40 

5.0 

LS" 



46. 3 

58.0 
68. 5 
73.8 
62. 68 
11.5 



Crude 

fiber. 



15.9 
29.1 
22.8 
5.6 
7.2 



3.3 

16.8 

62.5 
62.5 
55.0 
51.4 

12.8 
6.0 



13.0 
11.4 
17.1 
4.6 

100.0 

78.1 



.7 
3.0 



1.0 
1.4 
1.02 



1.0 
2.0 
2.0 



1.4 
1.3 



a Fuel value, not heat of combustion, 
ft 6.5 per cent of refuse in this sample. 
<• Proportion of alcohol assumed to be equivalent to 51 per cent carbohydrates. 



12 



COMPOSITION OF FECES AND URINE OBTAINED IN DIGESTION 
EXPERIMENTS. 

The composition of the water-free feces from the digestion experi- 
ments reported beyond (pp. 35-68) is given in Table 3, while Table 
4 records the amount, specific gravity, and percentage and amount of 
nitrogen of the urine, the data in both cases being arranged accord- 
ing to subjects. 

Table 3. — Composition of water-free substance of feces. 



Lab- 


Whence obtained. 


Weight 
of feces 

per 

day. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 


ora- 
tory 

No. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Crude 
fiber. 


combus- 
tion per 
gram. 


15 


SUBJECT AV. S. M. 

Experiment No. 388: 


Grams. 
28.85 
15.00 
25.40 
58.50 


Per ct. 
3.79 
4.05 
4.50 

3.49 


Per ct. 
23.70 
25.31 
28.15 
21.83 


Per ct. 
22. 30 
22. 56 
17.72 

26.74 


Per ct. 

29.27 
26.22 
30.38 
28.99 


Per ct. 
11.46 
12. 67 
9.35 
10.59 


Per ct. 
13.27 
13.24 
14.40 
11.85 


Calories. 


16 




5 290 


17 


Third day 


5 104 


18 




5 515 








18a 


31.94 


3.96 


24.75 


22.33 


28.71 


11.02 


13.19 


5.336 




Experiment No. 389: 




19 


57.40 
40.28 
20.82 
34.34 


3.88 
3.09 
2.89 
3.81 


24.23 
19.34 
18.08 
23.80 


29.91 
26.83 
45.83 
36.78 


26.90 
34.89 
17.76 
18.55 


6.75 
5.52 
2.54 
5.32 


12.21 
13.42 
15.79 
15.55 


5.690 


20 




5 982 


21 


Third day 


6.076 


22 




5.824 








22a 


38.21 


3.42 


21.36 


34.84 


24.53 


5.03 


14.24 


5.893 




Experiment No. 390: 




23 


31.81 
63.06 
30.54 
43.10 


4.20 
3.57 
3.55 
3.56 


26.22 
22. 34 
22.18 
22.26 


28.21 
30.06 
29. 25 
36.07 


21.23 
23.46 
27.83 
20.94 


11.07 
9.56 
7.34 

7.57 


13.27 
14.58 
13.40 
13.16 


5.586 


21 




5.516 


25 


Third day 


5.434 


26 




5.839 




Average . . 

Experiment No. 393: 




26a 


42.13 


3.72 


23.25 


30.90 


23.37 


8.89 


13.60 


5.594 


34 


88.50 
11.20 
34.78 
15.75 


4.43 
5.17 
4.72 
5.32 


27.69 
32. 29 
29.50 
33. 26 


31. 32 
37. 87 
33.21 
33.53 


17.90 
12.75 
15.50 

9.58 


8.58 
4.69 
10.15 
11.10 


14.51 
12. 40 
11.64 
12. 53 


5.659 


35 




6.041 


36 


Third day 


5.885 


37 




5.902 








37a 


37.56 


4.91 


30.69 


33.98 


13.93 


8.63 


12.77 


5.872 




Experiment No. 394: 




38 


60.30 
53.50 
85.00 
34.09 


3.82 
3.02 
3.39 
3.29 


23.89 
18.90 
21.17 
20.57 


26.39 
25.17 

20. 98 
21.70 


24.94 
39.24 
45. 09 
45. 45 


10.40 
5.29 
3.47 
3.63 


14.38 
11.40 
9.29 

8.65 


5.478 


39 




5.828 


40 




5.676 


41 




5.722 








41a 


58.22 


3.38 


21.13 


23. 56 


38.68 


5.70 


10.93 


5.676 




Experiment No. 396: 

First day 




46 


53.30 

58.80 
24. 20 

48. 18 


4.01 
3.78 
4.18 
3.98 


25.07 
23.64 
26.14 
24. 87 


20.86 
23. 29 

28. 58 
29.06 


26.15 
25. 27 
18.90 
17.34 


17.43 
18.86 
18.47 
21.81 


10.49 
8.94 
7.91 
6.92 


5.501 


47 




5.610 


48 


Third dav 


5.913 


49 


Fourth day 


6. 120 








49a 


46.12 


3.99 


24.93 


25.45 


21.92 


19.14 


8.56 


5.786 




Experiment No. 398: 




54 


39.59 
33.69 
49.79 
52.38 


3.49 
3.48 
2.93 
3.12 


21.84 
21.75 
18.30 
19.48 


35.14 
32.15 
25.67 
27.85 


17.40 
17.54 
21.58 
21.67 


16. 39 
19.02 
26.47 
23.44 


9.23 
9.54 
7.98 
7.56 


6.027 


55 




5.908 


56 


Third day 


5.657 


57 




5.778 








57a 


43.86 


3.25 


20.34 


30.20 


19.55 


21.33 


8.58 


5.842 




Experiment No. 401: 




66 


53.80 
55.28 
41.17 
70.98 


5. 27 
4.88 
5.48 
5.94 


32.91 
30.53 
34.26 
37.10 


25.02 
23.36 
25.16 
21.52 


13.55 
18.61 
15.39 
12.62 


12.88 
15. 72 
14.11 
17.02 


15.64 
11.78 
11.08 
11.74 


5.346 


67 




5.574 


68 


Third day 


5.810 


69 




5.630 








69a 


55.31 


5.39 


33.70 


23.77 


15.04 


14.93 


12.56 


5.590 









13 



Table 3. — Composition of water-free substance of feces — Continued. 



Lab- 


Whence obtained. 


Weight 

of feces 

per 

day. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 


ora- 
tory 
No. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Crude 
fiber. 


combus- 
tion per 
gram. 


74 


subject w. s. m.— cont'd. 
Experiment No. 403: 


Grams. 

69.70 
68.70 
47.55 
34. 60 


Per ei. 
5.27 
4.55 
5.29 
4. 35 


Per ct. 
32.93 

28.44 
33.04 
27. 16 


Per ct. 
19.67 
38.70 
37.10 
32. 43 


Per ct. 
21. 78 
18.64 
15.35 
23.93 


Per ct. 
11.19 
4.88 

• r >. 10 
5. 1^6 


Per ct. 
14. 43 
9.34 
9.41 

10. 82 


Calories. 
5.326 


75 




6.344 


76 


Third day 


6.314 






5.990 










55.14 


4.87 


30.39 


31.97 


19.93 


6.71 


11.00 


5.994 




Experiment No. 405: 




82 


47.07 
47.49 
30.00 
35.20 


4.33 

4.58 
4.97 
4.39 


27.04 
28.65 
31.04 
27.47 


16. 55 
23. 21 
21. 70 
34.10 


28. 41 
25.36 
28. 50 
21.04 


14. 48 
11.82 
7.26 

5. 27 


13. 53 
10.96 
11.50 
12. 12 


5. 242 


83 




5.704 


84 


Third day 


5.310 


85 




6.138 








85a 


39.94 


4.57 


28. 55 


23. 89 


25.83 


9.71 


12.03 


5.598 




Experiment No. 406: 




86 


20.49 
65.00 
29.40 
50.50 


4.89 
5.11 
4.93 
5.33 


30.57 
31.94 
30.84 
33.33 


21.49 
26.74 
33.08 
30.90 


30.12 
20.88 
20.46 
18.09 


5.60 
8.21 
3.90 

4.68 


12.22 
12.23 
11.72 
13.00 


5.566 


87 




5.852 


88 


Third day 


6.080 


89 




5.970 








89a 


41.35 


5.06 


31.67 


28. 05 


22. 39 


5.60 


12. 29 


5.867 




Average of averages. 

SUBJECT C. P. H. 

Experiment No. 391: 






44.52 


4.23 


26.43 


28.09 


23. 08 


10.61 


11.80 


5.732 


27 


20.30 
17.60 
19.50 


4.61 
4.14 
4.40 


28.81 
25.93 
27.50 


19.84 
12. 30 
8.93 


33.07 
44.64 
49.50 


5. 32 
4.25 
2.31 


12.96 
12.89 
11.76 


5. 374 


28 




5.139 


29 


Third day 


4.938 








29a 


19.13 


4.38 


27.41 


13.69 


42.40 


3.96 


12. 54 


5.150 




Experiment No. 392: 




30 


54.00 
2.79 
30.00 
85.24 


4.72 
4.94 
4.42 
3.99 


29.49 
30.87 
27.64 
24.94 


21.37 
16.14 
12.81 
30. 27 


24. 52 
26.98 
35.84 
26.30 


7. 32 
7.26 
5.38 
3.03 


17.30 
18.75 
18.33 
15.46 


5.063 


31 




4.663 


32 


Third day 


4.935 


33 




5. 829 








33a 


43.01 


4.52 


28. 23 


20.15 


28.41 


5.75 


17.46 


5.122 




Experiment No. 395: 




42 


29.38 
38.49 
65.78 
30.41 


3.98 
4.00 
3.66 

4.08 


24.87 
25.02 
22.85 
25.52 


23.09 
19.40 
29.09 
25.86 


27. 82 
29.11 
28.59 
34.96 


9.45 
10.93 
6.68 
3.19 


14.77 
15.54 
12. 79 
10.47 


5.510 


43 




5.437 


44 


Third dav 


5.751 


45 




5.924 




Average 

Experiment No. 397: 




45a 


41.02 


3.93 


24.57 


24.36 


30. 12 


7.56 


13.39 


5.655 


50 


69.86 
79.51 
9.10 
56.98 


4.78 
5.22 
5.92 

4.77 


29.88 
32.65 
37.02 
29.79 


21.32 
31.90 
41.49 
46.43 


25.01 
18.15 
9.27 
1.61 


8.27 
5.88 
2.59 
2.14 


15. 52 
11.42 
9.63 
20. 03 


5.268 


51 




5.938 


52 


Third day 


6.528 


53 




6.613 








53a 


53.86 


5.17 


32.33 


35. 29 


13.51 


4.72 


14.15 


6.087 




Experiment No. 399: 




58 


38.99 
43. 52 
'35.48 
44.49 


4.69 
4.81 
4.49 
4.00 


29.28 
30.04 
28.03 
25.02 


21.11 
30.97 
40.92 
48.93 


26. 96 
16.13 
14. 20 

8.72 


10.14 
12. 89 
5.47 
5.83 


12. 51 
9.97 
11.38 
11.50 


5.314 


59 




6.189 


60 


Third dav 


6.603 


61 




6.897 








61a 


40.62 


4.50 


28.10 


35.48 

18.18 
23. 75 
22. 85 
26. 21 


16.50 

23. 07 
27. 50 
27.73 
31.73 


8.58 

7.70 
4.82 
4.91 
2.34 


11.34 

16.72 
15.19 
12. 28 
10.37 


6.252 




Experiment No. 400: 




62 


37.79 
83.58 
26.20 
28.90 


5.49 
4.60 
5.16 
4.70 


34.33 
28. 74 
32.23 
29.35 


5.259 


63 




5.648 


64 


Third day 


5.880 


65 




6.273 








65a 


44.12 


4.99 


31.16 


22.75 


27. 51 


4.94 


13.64 


5.765 









14 

Table ?>. — Composition of water-free substance of feces — Continued. 



Lab- 


Whence obtained. 


Weight 

of feces 

per 

day. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 


ora- 
tory 
No. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Crude 
fiber. 


combus- 
tion per 
gram. 


70 


SUPJECT c. p. h. — cont'd. 
Experiment No. 402: 


Grams. 
36.99 
52. 98 
55. 98 
59.40 


Per ct. 

4.96 
4.48 
4.61 
3.99 


Per ft. 
30.97 
27.99 
28.78 
24. 92 


Per ct. 
20. 27 
16.88 
35.57 
41.65 


Per ct. 
27.01 
29.10 
18.35 
18.32 


Per ct. 
9.44 
11.35 
3.58 
2.44 


Per ct. 
12.31 
14.68 
13. 72 
12.67 


Calories. 
5. 804 


71 




5.714 


72 


Third day 


6.046 


73 




6 538 








73a 


51. 34 


4.51 


28.17 


28. 59 


23.19 


6.70 


13.35 


6 025 




Experiment No. 404: 




78 


90.82 
30.79 
37.40 
23.30 


3.17 
2.80 
4.13 
4.20 


19.78 
17.52 
25.78 
26.25 


15. 94 
17.33 
21. &5 
15. 48 


35. 95 

38.20 
28.79 
39. 20 


12.50 
10.04 
6.16 
4.61 


15.83 
16.91 
17.42 
14.46 


5.383 


79 




5. 425 


80 




5. 564 


81 




5.748 








81a 


45. 58 


3.58 


22. 33 


17. 65 


35. 54 


8.33 


16.16 


5.530 




Experiment No. 407: 




90 


15. 50 
36.70 
65. 80 
55.80 


3.77 
3.60 
3.83 
4.45 


23.59 

22.48 
23.96 
27.78 


22.21 
22. 99 
25. 43 
23.48 


31.81 
28.75 
32. 12 
32. 79 


6.04 
10.42 
4.19 
3.52 


16.35 
15. 36 
14.30 
12.43 


5. 350 


91 




5. 605 


92 


Third day 


5.598 


93 


Fourth day 

Average 

Experiment No. 408: 

First day 


5.810 


93a 


43.45 


3.91 


24. 45 


23. 53 


31.37 


6.04 


14.61 


5. 591 


94 
95 


38.00 
78.00 
45. 00 
103.50 


3.37 
3.74 

4.37 
4.32 


21.04 

» 23.39 

27.30 

27.02 


16.18 
19.97 
16. 52 
18.37 


37. 92 
29. 57 
33.70 
30.00 


7.24 
12. 52 
10.82 

9.30 


17.62 
14. 55 
11.66 
15.31 


4. 975 

5. 354 


96 


Third day 


5.410 


97 




5. 062 




Average 

Experiment No. 409: 




97a 


66. 13 


3.95 


24. 69 


17.76 


32. 79 


9.97 


14.79 


5.200 


98 


28.60 
29. 50 
32. 30 

72. 80 


4.09 
4.15 
4.56 

4.75 


25.53 
25. 96 

28. 51 

29. 71 


If,. 23 
19.19 
28. 40 
30. 53 


30.62 
32. 16 
26. 90 
22. 21 


11.04 
8.99 
3.93 
4.57 


16.58 
13. 70 
12. 26 

12. 98 


4.829 


99 




5. 309 


100 


Third day 


5. 780 


101 




5. 744 




Averagt- 

Experiment No. 410: 




101a 


40.80 


4.39 


27. 43 


23. 59 


27. 97 


7.13 


13.88 


5. 415 


102 


56.50 

50.80 
55. 88 
66.70 


3.99 
3. 92 
4.15 
4.26 


24.93 
24. 47 
25. 92 
26. 59 


25. 22 
17.04 
13. 68 
13.96 


24.56 
34.08 
34.85 
33. 65 


10.90 
10.37 
11.89 
10.44 


14.39 
14.04 
13.66 
15.36 


5.400 


103 




5. 144 


104 




4.962 


105 




4. 822 








105a 


57.47 


4.08 


25. 48 


17.47 


31.79 


10. 90 


14.36 


5. 082 




Experiment No. 411: 




106 


30.53 
52. 48 
34.40 


4.26 
4.40 
3.82 


26. 61 
27.48 
23.90 


19.55 

42. 87 
37.90 


35. 22 
13.83 
22. 61 


5. 56 
5. 13 
6.00 


13.06 

10.69 
9.59 


5. 134 


107 




6.444 


108 




6.224 








108a 


39.14 


4.16 


26. 00 


33.44 


23. 89 


5. 56 


11.11 


5.934 




Experiment No. 412: 




109 


29. 10 
118. 00 
54.00 
83.66 


3.67 
3.16 

2.80 
2.97 


22.96 
19. 72 
17. 50 

18.55 


35. 80 
17.91 
24. 62 
31.80 


21.95 
44. 25 
40.83 
33. 32 


6.49 
7.52 
7.76 
6.58 


12.80 
10.60 
9.29 
9.75 


fi. 272 


110 




5. 736 


111 


Third dav 


6.098 


112 




6.132 








112a 


71.19 


3.15 


19.68 


27. 53 


35. 09 

26. 07 
38. 58 
43. 24 
39. 92 


7.09 


10.61 


6.060 




Experiment No. 413: 




113 


36.00 
129. 30 
48.00 
69.20 


3.68 
2.71 
2.69 
2.98 


23. 02 
16.96 
16.84 
18.60 


28. 05 
26.73 
24. 73 
24. 05 


6.92 
7.92 
6.33 

6.88 


15.94 
9.81 
8.86 

10.55 


5. 861 


114 




6. 324 


115 


Third dav 


6.365 


116 




5.962 








116a 


70. 62 


3.01 


18.86 


25. 89 


36.95 


7.01 


11.29 


6.128 




Experiment No. 414: 




117 


60.00 
45.80 
96.48 
81.06 


3.43 
3.37 
3.03 
3.01 


21.41 
21.09 
18.93 
18. 82 


33.84 
21.44 

24. 89 
26. 00 


24. 12 
37.88 
39.91 
33.36 


8. 22 

8.04 
7.07 
11.04 


12.41 
11.55 
9.20 
10.78 


5.987 


118 




5.641 


119 


Third day 


6.049 


120 




5.834 








120a 


70.84 


3.21 


20. 06 


26. 54 


33. 82 


8.59 


10.99 


5.878 









15 



Table 3. — Composition of water- free substance of feces — Continued. 



Lab- 


Whence obtained. 


Weight 

of feces 

per 

day. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 


ora- 
tory 
No. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Crude 
fiber. 


combus- 
tion per 
gram. 


121 


subject c. p. h.— cont'd. 
Experiment No. 415: « 


Grams. 
31.80 
105. 50 


Per ct. 
4.36 

4.86 


Perct. 
11.22 
30.39 


Per ct. 
9.30 
7.22 


Per ct. 
39.48 
38.02 


Per ct. 
11.45 
1" 62 


Per ct. 
12. 55 
9.75 


Calories. 
4.932 


122 




4.885 








122a 


45.77 


4.61 


28.81 


8.26 


38. 75 


13.04 


11.15 


4.908 




Average of averages. 
omitting experi- 
ment No. 415 

SUBJECT A. V. 

Experiment No. 416: 






49. 89 


4. 09 


25. 56 


24. 61 


29. 43 


7. 05 


13. 35 


5. 680 


123 


81.14 
72.36 
117. 70 
115. 30 


4.03 
3.83 
3.53 
4.09 


25. 18 
23.91 
22. 09 
25.53 


26.12 
21. 32 
23. 64 
23.42 


28.49 
33.30 
35.60 
33.54 


5.45 
6.67 
6.12 
4.46 


14.76 
14.80 
12.55 
13.05 


6.054 


124 




5. 735 


125 


Third day 


5.493 


126 




5. 849 




Average 

SUBJECT J. E. R. 

Experiment No. 417: 




126a 


96.63 


3.87 


24. 18 


23.63 


32. 73 


5.67 


13.79 


5.783 


127 


71.67 
62.28 
55.22 
39.50 


3.85 
3.67 
3.98 
4.09 


24.08 
22. 92 
24. 86 
25.55 


37.90 
38.30 
31.88 
27.49 


24. 75 
25.04 
29.63 
32.59 


3.04 
4.07 
3.80 
3.84 


10.23 
9.67 
9.83 

10. 53 


6.442 


128 




6.382 


129 


Third dav 


6.210 


130 




6.144 




Average 

Experiment No. 418: 




130a 


57.17 


3.90 


24.35 


33. 89 


28. 00 


3.69 


10.07 


6.295 


131 


41.41 
72.38 
51.50 
66.84 


4.04 
3.64 
3.57 
3.83 


25.27 
22.73 
22.34 
23.95 


27. 76 
39.86 
45. 73 
32.97 


31.60 
22.94 
15.54 

27. 17 


4.43 
3.09 
4.26 
4.50 


10.94 
11.38 
12.13 
11.41 


6.198 


132 




6.474 


133 


Third dav 


6.506 


134 




6.266 








134 a 


58.03 

57.60 

48.30 
49.86 


3.77 


23. 57 

23. 96 

25. 88 
25. 83 


36.58 

35. 23 

26. 05 
25. 97 


24.31 


4.07 


11.47 


6.361 




Average of experi- 
ments Nos. 417 
and 418 . . 






3.84 

4.14 
4.13 


26. 16 

27. 19 
27.37 


3.88 

8.34 
8.26 


10.77 

12.54 

12.58 


6 328 




Average of 30 ex- 
periments, omit- 
ting No. 416 

Average of 31 ex- 
periments 


5.716 
5. 718 



a Three-day experiment; no feces passed on second day. 

Table 4 summarizes the analytical data for the urine, the results 
having- been determined in connection with the studies of the balance 
of income and outgo of nitrogen reported beyond pp. 35-68. 





Table 4. — Amount, specific gravity, 


and nitrogen of urine. 




Labora- 
tory 

No. 


Whence obtained. 


Total 
amount. 


Specific 
gravity. 


Nitrogen. 


14 


SUBJECT w. s. M. 
Experiment No. 388: 


Grains. 
1,314 
1,512 
1,554 
1,312 


1.011 
1.008 
1.009 
1.009 


Per cent. 
0.470 
.331 
.281 
.239 


Grams. 
6.18 


15 




5.00 


16 


Third day 


4.37 


17 




3.14 










1,423 


1.009 


.328 


4 67 











16 



Table 4. — Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine — Continued. 



Labora- 
tory 
No. 


Whence obtained. 


Total 
amount. 


Specific 
gravity. 


Nitrogen. 


20 


subject w. s. M. — continued. 
Experiment No. 389: 


Grams. 

1,326 

1,264 

930 

709 


1.012 
1. 0115 
1.011 
1.0135 


Per cent. 
0.426 
.421 
.449 

.511 


Grams. 
5.62 


21 




5 35 


22 


Third day ; 


4 18 


23 




3 62 










1,057 


1.012 


.444 


4.69 




Experiment No. 390: 




25 


1,267 
1,269 
1,219 
1,240 


1. 0135 
1.015 
1.016 
1.012 


.403 
.471 
.474 
.404 


5.11 


27 




5.98 


29 


Third day 


5.78 


31 


Fourth day 


5.01 










1,249 


1. 0141 


.438 


5.47 




Experiment No. 393: 




36 


1,832 

1,217 

857 

816 


1.012 
1.014 
1.020 
1.020 


.343 
.464 
.593 
.653 


6.28 


37 




5.66 


38 


Third day 


5.08 


39 




5.33 










1,180 




.474 


5.59 




Experiment No. 394: 






40 


1,215 
1,138 
1,018 
1,167 


1.013 
1.016 

1.018 
1.015 


.453 
.645 
.822 
.717 


5.50 


41 




7.34 


42 


Third day 


8.37 


43 




8.37 










1,135 




.652 


7.40 




Experiment No. 396: 






52 


1,680 
1,269 
1,215 
1,266 


1.012 
1.015 
1.013 
1.0J3 


.380 
.386 
.442 
.387 


6.38 


53 




4.90 


54 


Third day 


5.30 


55 




4.97 










1,358 




.397 


5.39 




Experiment No. 398: 






56 


1,963 

2,028 
1, 622 
1,179 


1.012 
1.014 
1.014 
1.0165 


.354 
.318 
.326 
.397 


6.95 


57 




6.45 


58 


Third day 


5.29 


59 




4.68 










1,698 




.344 


5.84 




Experiment No. 401: 






64 


1,518 
1,357 
1,500 
1,270 


1.012 
1.013 
1.014 
1.016 


.382 
.393 
.409 
.525 


5.80 


65 




5.33 


66 


Third day 


6.14 


67 




6.67 










1,411 




.425 


5.99 




Experiment No. 403: 






76 


1,825 
1,424 
1,319 
1,325 


1.014 
1.017 
1.015 
1.019 


.376 
.556 
.508 
.616 


6.86 


77 




7.92 


-78 


Third dav 


6.70 


79 




8.16 










1,473 




.503 


7.41 




Experiment No. 405: 






84 


1,518 
1,558 
1,315 
1,257 


1.012 
1.012 
1. 012 
1.014 


.332 
.473 
.371 
.481 


5.04 


85 




7.37 


86 


Third day 


4.88 


87 




6.04 










1,412 




.414 


5.83 




Experiment No. 406: 






88 


1,619 

1,276 

884 

1,276 


1.012 
1.013 
1.0165 
1.013 


.332 
.404 
.589 
.536 


5.37 


89 




5.15 


90 




5.21 


91 




6.84 










1,264 
1,333 




.446 
.436 


5.64 








5.81 











17 



Table 4. — Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine — Continued. 



Labora- 
tory 
No. 


Whence obtained. * 


Total 
amount. 


Specific 
gravity. 


Nitrogen. 


26 


SUBJECT 0. P. H. 

Experiment No. 391: 


Grants. 

717 

1,177 

528 


1.024 
1.024 
1.016 


Per cent. 
0.640 
.413 

.488 


Grams. 
4.59 


28 




4.86 


30 


Third day 


2.58 










807 


1.021 


.497 


4.01 




Experiment No. 392: 




32 


1,238 
820 
625 

1,067 


1.015 
1. 0245 
1.025 
1.016 


.441 
.609 
.902 
.435 


5.46 


33 




4.99 


34 


Third day 


5.64 


35 




4.64 










937 

766 
634 
776 
614 




.553 


5.18 




Experiment No. 395: 


1.021 
1.022 
1.021 
1.023 




44 


.675 
.712 
.543 
.665 


5.17 


45 




4.51 


46 
47 


Third day 


4.21 
4.08 










697 




.644 


4.49 




Experiment No. 397: 






48 


1,656 
642 
863 

863 


1.010 
1.019 
1.015 
1.015 


.389 
.561 
.497 
.441 


6.44 


49 




3.60 


50 


Third day 


4.29 


51 




3.81 










1,006 




.450 


4.53 




Experiment No. 399: 






60 


1,317 

915 

1,717 

1,176 


1.013 
1,017 
1.010 
1.014 


.321 
.512 
.405 
.389 


4.23 


61 




4.69 


62 




6.95 


63 




4.58 










1,281 




.399 


5.11 




Experiment No. 400: 






68 


1,198 
654 
644 

854 


1.015 
1. 0215 
1.023 
1.017 


.469 
.696 
.659 
.573 


5.62 






4.55 


70 


Third day 


4.24 


71 




4.89 










838 




.575 


4.82 




Experiment No. 402: 






72 


1,052 
1,016 
1, 118 
1,067 


1.012 
1.016 
1.016 
1.016 


.332 
.496 
.529 
.518 


3.49 


73 




5.04 


74 


Third day 


5.91 


75 




5.53 










1,063 




.469 


4.99 




Experiment No. 404: 






80 


1,157 
1,437 
1,036 
1,177 


1.015 
1.012 
1.016 
1.015 


.508 
.376 
.480 
.513 


5.88 


81 




5.40 


82 


Third day 


4.97 


83 




6.04 










1,202 




.464 


5.57 




Experiment No. 407: 






92 


1,238 
1,020 
1,219 
1,299 


1.015 
1.020 
1.016 
1.015 


.728 
.703 
.565 
.458 


9.01 


93 




7.17 


94 


Third day 


6.89 


95 




5.95 










1,194 




.607 


7.25 




Experiment No. 408; 






96 


947 
715 
819 

728 


1.018 
1.022 
1.024 
1.025 


.831 
.932 
1.044 
1.147 


7.87 


97 




6.66 


98 


Third dav 


8.55 


99 




8.35 










802 




.980 


7.86 











1453— No. 132—03- 



18 

Table 4. — Amount, specific g rarity, and nitrogen of urine — Continued. 



Labora- 
tory 
No. 



Whence obtained. 



Total 
amount. 



Specific 
gravity. 



Nitrogen. 



100 
101 
102 
103 



104 
105 
106 



10S 
109 
110 



111 ' 

112 
113 
114 



115 
116 

117 
118 



119 
120 



123 
121 
125 



126 
127 
128 
129 



130 
131 
132 
133 



134 
135 

136 
137 



srBJEcr c. p. h. — continued. 



Experiment No. 409: 

First day 

Second dav 

Third day 

Fourth day 



Average per day . 
Experiment No. 410: 

First day 

Second dav 

Third day" 

Fourth day 



Average per day . 

Experiment No. 411: 

First day 

Second dav 

Third dav 



Average per d 
Experiment No. 412: 



First c 
Second dav. 
Third day.. 
Fourth day. 



Average per day 

Experiment No. 413: 

First day 

Second dav 

Third day 

Fourth day 



Average per day. 
Experiment No. 414: 



Grams. 
1,797 

1.472 
1.217 
1.520 



1.015 
1. 015 

1.011 
1.013 




Grams. 

7.92 
6.49 

4. 84 

5. 21 



1,502 



1.050 
1.480 

1.122 



1.O20 
].014 

1. 020 
1.012 



89$ 


1.020 


,0, 


1.023 


1,443 


1.016 


1,05$ 


1.017 



Average per day 

Average of averages of experiments Nos. 417 
and 418 



6.11 



F.35 
F.82 
F.81 



554 

1, 159 

472 


1.026 
1.017 

1. 027 


.977 
.512 
.641 


5.41 
5.93 
3.03 



72s 




- 


4.79 


936 


1.018 


.550 


5.15 


938 


1.020 


.500 


4.69 


755 


1.021 


.450 


3.40 


1,036 


1.016 


.570 


5.91 



5. 32 
5.42 





750 
554 
877 

1,250 


1.014 
1.026 

1.0:0 

1.016 


.596 
.988 
.623 
.573 


4.47 




5.47 


Third dav 


5.46 




7.16 






Average per day 


858 . 




.657 


5.64 






Experiment No. 415: 

First dav 


1,680 
712 
480 


1. 012 
1.017 

1.021 


.432 
.760 

. y-^7 


7.26- 




5.41 


Third dav 


4.59 






Average per day 

Averasre of averages omittinsr experiment No. 
415 


957 . 
1.014 . 




. 601 

.549 


5.75 












SUBJECT A. V. 

Experiment No. 416: 


1,949 
1,734 j 

1.424 
1,084 


1.015 
1.014 I 
1.017 
1.023 


.690 
.552 
716 
.876 


13.45 




9.57 


Third dav 


10.20 




9.49 








1,548 . 




6v0 


10 68 








SUBJECT .1- E. R. 

Experiment No. 417: 

First dav 


557 
776 
412 
480 


1.031 

1.021 
1.030 
1. 032 


1.304 

.922 
1.338 

1.585 


7.26 




7.16 


Third dav 






7.61 






Average per day 


556 . 




1 240 


6.89 






Experiment Xo. 41b: 

First day 


436 

374 
437 
410 


1.039 
1 OSS 
1.041 

1.026 


1.994 
1.978 
1.794 
1.277 


8.69 




7 40 


Third dav 


7.84 


Fourth dav 


5.23 



19 



THE DIETARY STUDIES. 



The subjects of the dietaries here reported include seven different 
persons — two elderly men, two young men university students, a 
woman, and two children. With the exception of the students all 
were accustomed to the diet, having been vegetarians for years and 
having limited their diet quite largely to fruit and nuts. One of the 
students, though accustomed to the ordinary diet, had been experi- 
menting with vegetarian and fruitarian diet for some time. Three of 
the subjects, i. e., the two students and one of the elderly men, ate 
three meals a day at the usual hours. The others ate but twice, their 
first meal being taken between 10 and 11 a. m. and the second between 
5 and 6 p. m. The diet included a large assortment of fresh fruits 
with considerable quantities of dried fruit and nuts. Honey and olive 
oil were also eaten, and cereals were used to a small extent in some of 
the dietaries, and in four cases (dietaries Nos. 355, 357, 360, and 361) 
some animal foods were consumed, which were limited, however, to 
a little milk and eggs in dietary No. 357, and to a small quantity of 
cottage cheese in dietary No. 355. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A FRUITARIAN (NO. 355). 

The stud} T began October 21, 1901, and continued for twenty days. 
The subject was a man 63 years old, weighing 121 pounds. The num- 
ber of meals eaten was sixty, or three per day. 

The subject had lived upon the fruitarian diet for upward of twenty 
years, and, while he had at times used cooked vegetables and cereals, 
he believed that a diet of ripe and sweet fruits with nuts agreed with 
him best. During the experimental period the subject walked from 
4 to 8 miles a da} T , besides working a little at gardening. 

The results of this study are given in Table 9. The figures in 
parentheses after each food material in this and the succeeding tables 
of dietary studies refer to corresponding figures in the first column in 
Tables 1 and 2, thus indicating the values used in calculating the 
amounts of nutrients of the food. 



20 



Table 5. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients consumed in dietary study No. 355. 





Cost and composition of food per person per day. 


Kinds, amounts, and cost of different food 
materials. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Crude 
fiber. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 


Cents. 
1 


Grams. 
2.92 


Grams. 
0.14 


Grams. 
0.60 


Grams. 


Calories. 
16 


VEGETABLE FOOD. 


















.06 
.30 

15.23 
2.81 

19.02 


"""is" 

5.79 

.46 

10.35 

36.86 


5.37 
1.10 

225. 14 
40.91 


"6"20" 

18.23 

5.56 


21 






7 


Fruits, fresh: Apples, Newtown Pippin, 6,682 
grams, 22 cents (242a); bananas, 118 grams, 2 
cents (212a); cantaloupe, 3,714 grams, 29 cents 
(228); grapes, Verdal, 7,825 grams, 69 cents 
(211a); grapes, Cornichon, 7,735 grams, 68 cents 
(207a); grapes, Tokay, 2,475 grams, 22 cents 
(205a); grapes, Muscat, 3,374 grams, 30 cents 
(202a); scarlet haws, 2,471 grams (201a); pears, 
2,802 grams, 19 cents (51a); pomegranates, 62 
grams, 1 cent (33); persimmons, 2,098 grams, 46 
cents (52a N .; oranges, 57 grams, 1 cent (238a); 
strawberries, 808 grams, 12 cents (39); water- 
melon, 3,955 grams, 13 cents (200) 


17 
1 

1 

3 


976 


Fruits, dried: Figs, 1,309 grams, 20 cents (35) 

Olive oil, 207 grams, 23 cents (49) 


180 
91 


Nuts: Almonds, 496 grams, 16 cents (249); peanut 


13.22 


.64 


422 








22 


37.42 


53.59 


285. 74 


24.63 


1,697 




Total food 


23 


40.34 


53.73 


286. 34 


24.63 


1,713 





The commonly accepted dietary standard for a man at sedentary 
work calls for 92 grams of protein and 2,700 calories. From the table 
it appears that the protein in this dietary was less than one-half and 
the energy about two-thirds, respectively, of these amounts. It is 
true that the subject's weight was small; but even if the data are cal- 
culated to the basis of a man weighing 150 pounds the results will 
still be far below the standard. 

It is interesting in this connection to compare this dietary with those 
followed by the same subject in 11 four-day digestion experiments, 
in which the diet was made up of several fruits and nuts alone or in 
combination. (Reported on pp. 35-43 and summarized in Table 27.) 
In the dietary studies the subject ate at the dictates of his appetite, but 
in the digestion experiments the kind and amount of food eaten was 
determined upon beforehand in every case. . In' one experiment the 
diet consisted of grapes only, and furnished 13.75 grams protein and 
1,096 calories per day. Such a diet soon becomes unpalatable, no 
matter how appetizing the food may be under ordinary circumstances. 
It must also be remembered that though the bulk consumed was 
large, the amount of nutriment supplied was very small, owing to the 
high percentage of water in the grapes, and the food is therefore not 
strictly comparable with a more varied diet. In all the other diges- 
tion experiments the diet was made up of fruits and nuts and furnished 
more protein and energy than the food eaten during the dietary study, 
the average of all the tests, including that with the grape diet, being 



21 

58. Y grams protein and 3,075 calories per day. In other words, the 
diet of the digestion experiment when the food was limited in kind 
was more generous than that of the dietary study when the food was 
selected at will. That the subject was benefited b}^ the more abundant 
diet is indicated by the gain in weight of several pounds which he 
made during the time covered by the digestion experiments. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A VEGETARIAN (NO. 356. ) 

The study commenced November 8, 1901, and ended December 1, 
lasting twenty-four days. The total number of meals taken was forty- 
eight, or two per day. The subject was a man 61 years old, height 5 
feet 7 inches, weighing 136 pounds. 

He stated that he had been a strict vegetarian for eleven years and 
that previous to that time it had been his custom to eat but little meat. 
He also said that he had led an active life, working hard with brain 
and muscle. 

In Table 6 are given the results of this study. 

Table 6. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients consumed in dietary study No 356. 





Cost and composition of food per person per day. 


Kinds, amounts, and cost of different food 
materials. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Crude 
fiber. 


Fuel 
value. 


VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Granose, 2,155 grams, 48 cents (243); glu- 
ten flour, 454 grams, 15 cents (17); rice, flaked, 
1,673 grams, 26 cents (245) 


Cents. 

3.71 
4.54 
.46 

4.00 
1.42 

4.50 


Grams. 

21.27 
.69 
3.28 

3.36 
1.70 

23.19 


Grams. 

1.47 
"'i.'79' 

2.06 
.29 

71.28 


Grams. 

131. 90 
66.81 
9.70 

48.60 
34.32 

10.51 


Grams. 
2.11 

3.08 
1.01 

3.78 


Calories. 
645 




259 


Vegetables: Baked beans, 1,021 grams, 11 cents (26) 

Fruits, fresh: Apples, Bellflower, 5,585 grams, 18 
cents (209a); bananas, 2,722 grams, 42 cents 
(212a); grapes, Verdal, 3,317 grams, 29 cents 
(211a) : raspberries, 397 grams, 6 cents (40) 

Fruits, dried: Dates, 425 grams, 9 cents (37); figs, 
28 grams, 1 cent (35); prunes, 794 grams, 18 
cents (256a); raisins, 255 grams, 6 cents (257a) .. 

Nuts: Almonds, 907 grams, 30 cents (249) ; Brazil 
nuts, 1,361 grams, 45 cents (254) ; pine nuts, 198 
grams, 3 cents (252); walnuts, 907 grams, 30 
cents (223a) 


64 

214 
135 

726 








18.63 


53.49 


76.89 


301. 84 


9.98 


2,043 







The table shows that this dietary contains about one-third more pro- 
tein and nearly 12 per cent more energy than were noted for the pre- 
vious one. The corresponding figures for a man weighing 150 pounds 
would be 59 grams protein and 2,111 calories. 

The food eaten during this test, there is every reason to believe, rep- 
resents very well the normal diet of this subject, who throughout the 
whole experimental period (October, 1901, to April, 1902) remained 
in excellent health and strength. It thus seems that this man could 
maintain his health when the daily diet furnished only 50 to 60 grams 
of protein, or about 60 per cent of the amount called for by the com- 
monly accepted standard for a man at sedentary work. 



22 

The discussion of the preceding dietary showed that more protein 
and energy were furnished by the restricted daily diet during the 
digestion experiments than by the food consumed by the same subject 
during the period of the dietary study when he ate food chosen at will. 
As may be seen by a reference to Table 46, page 61, like conditions do 
not obtain for the subject of the present study. On an average the 
daily food eaten during the 16 digestion experiments furnished 44.01 
grams protein and 1,831 calories. In other words, when the subject 
selected his daily food at will he ate somewhat more than was the case 
when his diet was fixed upon for experimental purposes. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A BOY (NO. 357). 

The study continued for twenty-one days in March, 1902. The sub- 
ject was the same boy as in dietary study No. 331, previously reported," 5 
and was now 10 years old. He weighed 58 pounds at the beginning 
and at the close of the study. 

The number of meals eaten was forty-two, equivalent to one boy for 
twenty-one days or one man for thirteen days. 

The details of the study are shown in Table 7. 

Table 7. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients consumed in dietary study No. 357. 





Cost and composition of food per person per day. 


Kinds, amounts, and cost of different food 
materials. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Crude 
Fiber. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Milk, 4,763 grams, 21 cents (9) 


Cents. 
1 


Grams. 
7.49 
.38 


Grams. 
9.07 
.32 


Grams. 
11.34 


Gravis. 


Calories. 
155 




4 












1 


7.87 


9.39 


11.34 


... 1 ln9 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Bread, corn, 595 grams, 7 cents (13); 
crackers, graham, 227 grams, 5 cents (16); fruit- 
nuts, 312 grams, 17 cents (247); gluten flour, 794 
grams, 26 cents (17); granose, 340 grams, 8 cents 
(243); malted tablets, 369 grams, 20 cents (259) .. 


4 


15.44 


4.47 


82. 15 
.62 
.70 

129. 36 
14.34 

8 19 


.94 

8.48 
1.95 

2.02 


439 

2 






.27 

7.22 
.99 

16.63 


.07 

1.70 
.16 

51.51 
.38 


4 


Fruits, fresh: Apples, Permain, 13,920 grams, 46 
cents, (229a); apples, Pippin, 6,946 grams, 23 
cents (242a); oranges, 7,626 grams, 101 cents 
(238a) . . '. 


8 


535 




63 


Nuts: Almonds, 539 grams, 18 cents (250); pea- 
nuts, 312 grams, 5 cents (255) ; pecans, 794 grams, 
26 cents (233) ; walnuts, 113 grams, 4 cents (223) . . 


3 


524 
3 
















15 


40.55 


58.28 


235. 36 


13.39 


1,570 






Total food 


16 


48. 42 


67.68 


246. 70 


13.39 


1,729 







«U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of the Experiment Stations Bui. 107. 






23 

The tentative standard for a boy 10 }^ears old calls for 65 grams 
protein and 1,750 calories, and it will be seen that the daily diet (18 
grams protein and 1,558 calories) is far below it. It is, however, of 
more than passing interest to note that the present diet furnishes 
much more protein and energy than did that of the study previously 
reported/' which was made in the summer of 1900, which contained 
but 27 grams protein and 1,255 calories per day. It is true that at 
the time of the present investigation the boy was somewhat older and 
consequently would normally require more protein and energy, but the 
increase is about 65 per cent for the protein and 25 per cent for the 
energy, which is much greater than the difference in age calls for. 
The later diet was richer, presumably because it was more varied in 
character. In the previous study it was strictly fruitarian, while in 
the present case about 16 per cent of the protein and 10 per cent of the 
energy were of animal origin, and 32 per cent of the protein and 8 per 
cent of the energy were derived from cereals. In other words, in the 
present case the fruit and nuts supplied only about 56 per cent of the 
protein and 62 per cent of the energy of the diet. 

The use of the mixed diet was accounted for by the fact that for 
certain famity reasons it was expected that the boy would in future 
live with relatives in the East, and as they were not fruitarians, or 
even vegetarians, it was deemed advisable to have the dietary include 
some of the more common foods in order to accustom him to their use. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A GIRL FRUITARIAN (NO. 358). 

The study commenced February 28, 1902, and ended March 20, last- 
ing twenty-one days. The subject was a girl (sister of the subject of 
study No. 357) 8 years old, and weighed 37 pounds at the beginning 
and end of the test. 

Studies were made of the dietary of this subject during the summer 
of 1900, and again in the spring of 1901, both of which have been 
reported/' As was then stated, her light weight and small measure- 
ments were presumably due in part at least to heredity, as her mother 
and grandmother were very small women. 

The total number of meals taken was forty-two, equivalent to one 
girl for twenty-one days or one man for eleven days. 

«U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 107. 



24 
The table following gives the details of the study: 
Table 8. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients consumed in dietary study No. 353. 





Cost and composition of food per person per day. 


Kinds, amounts, and cost of different food 
materials. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Crude 
fiber. 


Fuel 
value. 


VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Gluten flour, 113 grams, 4 cents (17); 
fruit nuts, 113 grams, 6 cents (247); malt tab- 
lets, 340 grams, 19 cents (259) 


Cents. 

1.38 


Grams. 
2.52 


Grams.- 
0.51 


Gravis. 

21. 08 
.31 

1.02 

113. 69 
.83 


Grams. 

0.19 

7.45 
.01 


Calories. 
101 




1 


Vegetables: Cauliflower, 454 grams, 2£ cents (29); 


.17 
9.14 


.42 

7.63 
.06 

21.64 


.12 

3.10 
.01 
4.95 

72. 99 


7 


Fruits, fresh: Apples, Permain, 10,238 grams, 34 
cents (229a); apples, Pippin, 5,103 grams, 17 
cents (242a); olives, 142 grams, 3 cents (240); 


488 




3 




.52 
4.57 


43 


Nuts: Almonds, 907 grams, 30 cents (250); pecans, 
1,191 grams, 39 cents (234); hickory nuts, 85 
grams, 2 cents (43); pignolias, 113 grams, 6 cents 
(252) ; nut and fig bromose, 340 grams, 19 cents 
(258) 


18.13 


3.02 


760 








15.78 


32.27 


81.68 


155. 06 


10.67 


1,403 





Some cereals and commercial articles of vegetable origin were eaten 
in addition to vegetables, fruit, nuts, olive oil, and honey. Cereals 
supplied about 8 per cent of the protein and between 5 and 6 per cent 
of the energy of the diet. Such a dietary is not strictry fruitarian, 
but as fruit and nuts, chieffy the latter, furnished about 92 per cent of 
the protein and nearly 95 per cent of the energy, it was thought best 
to classify it under that head. 

Notwithstanding the small amount of protein in this dietary the 
subject seemed, as she did at the time of the studies made the pre- 
vious year, to be perfectly healthy but very small for her age. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A FRUITARIAN (NO. 359). 

The study began March 1, 1902, and continued for twenty-one days. 
The subject, a woman, was the same as in dietary study No. 328 pre- 
viously reported, a 3-i } r ears old, height 5 feet, weighing 93.5 pounds at 
the beginning and end of the study. The number of meals taken was 
forty-two, equivalent to one woman for twenty-one days or one man 
for fifteen days. 

Table 11 shows in detail the results of this study. 

«U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 107. 



25 



Table 9. — Weights < nid cost of food and nutrients consumed, in dietary study No. 839. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of different Eood 
materials. 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Gluten flour, 198 grams, 7 cents (17); 
Granose, 57 grams, 1 cent (243); fruit nuts, 57 
grams, 3 cents (247); malt tablets, 85 grams, 5 
cents (259) 

Honey, 12 grams, 1 cent (48) 

Vegetables: Cauliflower, (180 grams, 4 cents (29) 

Fruits, fresh: Apples, Permain, 11,(124 grams, 38 
cents (229a); apples, Pippin, 5,812 grams, 19 
cents (242a) ; oranges, 8,907 grams, 118 cent s ( 23Ka. i . 

Fruits, dried: Apricots, 85 grams, 2 cents (34); 
raisins, 57 grams, 1 cent (257) 

Olive oil, 140 grams, 1(5 cents (49) 

Nuts: Almonds, 1,332 grams, 44 cents (250); filberts, 
312 grams, 10 cents (42); pecans, 28 grams, 1 cent 
(233); pignolias, 1,049 grams, 58 cents (252); 
hickory, 85 grams, 2 cents (43) ; nut and fig 
bromose, 57 grams, 3 cents (258) 

Total vegetable food 



Cost and composition of food per person per day. 



Pro- 
tein. 



15.80 42.48 81.10 156.83 



•Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 



13. 'A? 
.45 
1 . 53 



Crude 
fiber. 



Fuel 
value. 



In the study with this subject previously reported the diet fur- 
nished 33 grams protein and 1,300 calories per day. The above table 
shows a daily consumption of almost 25 per cent more protein and 
about 7 per cent more energy. In the present study cereals formed 
part of the diet, supplying- 2.7 grams protein and 13.5 grams carbo- 
hydrates, whereas during the former test the diet with the exceptions 
of a little olive oil and honey consisted exclusively of fruit and nuts. 

The tentative standard for a woman at light work calls for 90 grams 
of protein and 2,250 calories, amounts which are far in excess of those 
furnished by the present diet. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A STUDENT (NO. 360). 

This stud}^ and the two succeeding ones, Nos. 361 and 362 beyond, 
form part of an investigation undertaken for the purpose of ascertain- 
ing the value of an exclusive fruitarian diet for a healthy, active young 
man accustomed to the conventional mixed diet. 

The subject selected was a vigorous, healthy university student, 22 
years old, conscientious in his studies and prominent in athletics. 

The investigation was divided as follows: (1) A study of seven days' 
duration (No. 360), during which time he ate his usual mixed diet; (2) 
a study of nine days' duration (No. 361), during which time a large 
proportion of fruit was used as a substitute for part of the meat, eggs, 
and cereals of the usual daily fare; and (3) a study of eight days' du- 
ration (No. 362), during which time, with the exception of 10 grams 
per day of cane sugar, the diet was composed exclusively of fruit and 
nuts. Following the above two metabolism experiments on a strictly 
fruitarian diet were carried on, for the details of which see pages 
67, 68. 



26 

Dietary study No. 360 continued for seven days in March, 1902, the 
total number of meals taken being* twenty-one, or three per day. 

The subject weighed 169 pounds at the beginning and 169.5 pounds 
at the end of the test. It was not practicable to weigh him without 
clothing, but the same clothes were worn and the same scales used for 
both weighings. 

Table 10. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients consumed in dietary study No. 360. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of different food 
materials. 



Cost and composition of food per person per day. 



Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 



Fuel 
value. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Medium fat, 992 grams, 44 cents (1) 

Hamburg steak, 312 grams, 11 cents (3) 

Beef heart, 113 grams, 3 cents (4) 

Beef soup, 454 grams, 5 cents (5) 

Pork, ham, 227 grams, 11 cents (6) 

Fish: Striped bass, 113 grams, 5 cents (7); lobster, 

85 grams, 3 cents (8) 

Eggs, 66 grams, 2 cents (12) 

Butter, 198 grams, 11 cents (10) 

Milk, 563 grams, 3 cents (9) 

Total animal food 

VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Oatmeal, 1,219 grams, 27 cents (18); bread, 
1,985 grams, 22 cents (14); cake, 340 grams, 8 
cents (15) 

Pie and puddings: Apple pie, 85 grams, 2 cents (19) ; 
custard pie, 85 grams, 2 cents (20); tapioca pud- 
ding, 85 grams, 3 cents (21); rice custard, 85 
grams, 3 cents (22); gelatin, 2 grams, 1 cent (23). 

Sugar and starch: Sugar, 321 grams, 4 cents (46); 
sago, 9 grams, 1 cent (47) 

Vegetables: Beans, 170 grams, 2 cents (25); pota- 
toes, 1,332 grams, 4 cents (31); cauliflower, 57 
grams (29) 

Fruits, fresh: Apples, 198 grams, 1 cent (242); 
oranges, 193 grams, 3 cents (238); bananas, 85 
grams, 1 cent (212) 

Total vegetable food 

Total food 



Grams. 
25. 95 
8.83 
2.58 
2.85 
5.22 

4.95 
1.32 



Grams. 
25.51 
6.06 
3.29 
.26 
12.58 

.67 
1.18 
24.04 
3.21 



341 
92 
41 
17 

135 

27 
16 
212 
55 



76.75 



1.57 
.71 



-.01 
.11 



5.90 
.12 



46.86 
41.32 
10.23 



96 
181 

237 

40 



331. 80 



The protein and energy furnished by the present diet are consider- 
ably below the tentative standard for a man with light to moderate 
muscular work, namely, 112 grams protein and 3,050 calories, but since 
the subject had the opportunit}^ to eat all he wanted and gained in 
weight it would seem that the 91 grams protein and the 2,600 calories 
per day were sufficient for his bodily needs. 

DIETARY STUDY NO. 361. 

The study commenced March 26, 1902, and ended April 3, lasting 
nine days. The total number of meals eaten was twenty-seven, or 
three per day. The subject weighed 168 pounds at the beginning and 
170 pounds at the close. As previously stated, the proportion of fruits 
and nuts eaten was large, the purpose being to thus accustom the sub- 
ject to such foods and avoid a sudden change from ordinary fare to a 
fruitarian diet. 



27 



Table 11 shows in detail the results of this test. 
Table 11. — Weights and cod of food and nutrients consumed in dietary study No. 361. 



Kinds, amounts, and cost of different food 
materials. 



Cost and composition of food per person per day. 



Pro- 
tein. 



Sugar. 

starch, 

etc. 



Crude 
fiber. 



Fuel 
value. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Medium fat, l,-118grams, 63 cents (1); corned, 
85 grams, 2 cents (2); beef soup, 425 grams, 5 
cents (5) 

Butter, 142 grams, 8 cents (10) 

Total animal food 

VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Bread, 1,276 grams, 14 cents (14); cake, 
cup, 680 grams, 15 cents (15) 

Pie, pudding, etc.: Rice custard, 255 grams, 8 cents 
(22); tapioca pudding, 85 grams, 3 cents (21); 
gelatin, 2 grams, 1 cent (23) 

Cane sugar, 307 grams, 4 cents (46) 

Vegetables: Potatoes, 1,162 grams, 4 cents (31); 
cabbage, 85 grams, 1 cent (27); artichokes, 113 
grams, 2 cents (24) 

Fresh fruits: Apples, 170 grams, 1 cent (242); 
bananas, 1,247 grams, 19 cents (212); oranges, 
1,724 grams, 22 cents (238) 

Dried fruits: Raisins, 680 grams, 15 cents (257); 
apricots, 907 grams, 6 cents (34) 

Cooked and canned fruits: Applesauce, 255 grams, 
3 cents (41); peaches, canned, 113 grams, 4 cents 
(228) 

Nuts: Walnuts, 397 grams, 13 cents (223) 

\ Total vegetable food 

Total food 



473 
133 



1. 33 1. 84 

• 45 , 



5.34 
9.20 



10.20 
1.81 



4.42 



13.01 
38.38 



59.61 
124. 60 



13.63 
3.28 



76 
148 



2C9 
494 



100. 33 432. 64 



It will be seen that the present dietary furnishes 7 grams less protein 
and 300 calories more energy than study No. 360 with the same sub- 
ject. It is interesting to note that while in the previous study fruit 
furnished only 0.72 gram protein, in the present study it supplies 
14.7 grams, and nuts 12.2 grams, protein per day. The total animal 
protein in study No. 360 was 54.6 grams, and in the present study only 
36.6 grams per day. 

In this period of change from the ordinary mixed diet to one con- 
taining a considerable quantity of fruit and nuts, the subject stated 
that on the fourth and fifth days of the study, in addition to his regu- 
lar college duties, a large amount of extra work was performed, 
involving mental strain and loss of sleep. Notwithstanding this 
extra demand on his vitality, his physical condition so far as could be 
judged was unchanged and his weight increased two pounds. The 
subject stated that, having made the comparison, he preferred a fruit- 
arian breakfast to any other. In general he relished the diet consist- 
ing almost exclusively of fruit and nuts. 

DIETARY STUDY NO. 362. 

This study began April 9 and continued for eight days. The total 
number of meals eaten was twent} T -four, or three per day. During 
the six days' interval between this and dietary study No. 361 the sub- 



28 



ject continued to use a large proportion of fruit and nuts in the diet. 
With the exception of about 10 grams of cane sugar per day, the diet 
in the present study consisted entirely of fruit and nuts. The subject 
weighed at the commencement of the experimental period 170 pounds, 
and 168 pounds at its close. 

The details of the study follow: 

Table 12.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients consumed in dietary study No. 362. 



Kinds, amounts, and costs of different food 
materials. 



Cost and composition of food per person per day. 



Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 



Fuel 
value. 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Fresh fruits: Bananas, 4,196 grams, 65 cents (212); 
oranges, 6,294 gram , 83 cents (238) 

Dried fruits: Dates, 737 grams, 16 cents (36); figs, 
425 grams, 14 cents (35); raisins, 454 grams, 10 
cents (257) 

Canned fruits: Peaches, 340 grams, 11 cents (228) .. 

Nuts: Almonds, 567 grams, 19 cents (249) ; peanuts, 
85 grams, 1 cent (255); walnuts, 1,418 grams, 47 
cents (223) 

Cane: Sugar, 85 grams, 1 cent (46) 

Total vegetable food 



Cents. 
18.50 



8.37 
.12 



Grams. 
18.30 



7.54 
.23 



Grants. 
195. 95 



126. 29 
5.34 



28.11 
10.63 



158. 70 366. 32 



There were no restrictions regarding the kind and amount of fruit 
or nuts to be used in this dietary. On the other hand, the subject was 
instructed to eat all he wished of any fruit and nuts which he desired. 
Bananas and oranges, dates and raisins, almonds and walnuts were his 
favorite foods, though some other sorts of fruit and nuts were eaten. 
The protein in the diet thus selected is almost identical in amount with 
that furnished by the diet in study No. 361, though less by 9 grams 
than in study No. 360, while the fuel value is higher in this test than 
in either of the other two. In all these tests the protein is below the 
requirement of the tentative American standard for a man at mod- 
erately active work. In the present test, however, the energy is equal 
to that called for by^ the standard. It will be seen by noting the data 
in Tables 50 and 51, experiments Nos. 417 and 418, that the unre- 
stricted fruitarian diet selected by the subject himself , which furnished 
nearly as much protein and rather more energy than was consumed 
by him when using his ordinary mixed diet, was superior as regards 
both protein and energy to the restricted diets of bananas, dates, and 
walnuts, and bananas, oranges, and walnuts, used in digestion experi- 
ments made with the same subject. 

As noted above, there was a loss of 2 pounds, but the initial weight 
was above the subject's normal, and during the test he was under 
unusual strain, both physical and mental, particularly on three days 
(April 11-13). It seems, therefore, that it is not just to ascribe the 
loss in weight during the experiment entirely to the fruit and nut diet. 



29 

As the loss is not great, and indeed quite within the range which is 
observed in the weight of persons under normal conditions during a 
period of equal duration, it would seem fairer to give the diet much 
credit for being able to carry an active, energetic, healthy man through 
a period of unusual strain, both physical and mental, attendant upon 
some special work in addition to his regular college duties. 

DIETARY STUDY OF A FRUITARIAN (NO. 363.) 

The study commenced April 23, 1902, and continued for ten days. 
The subject was a man who had been experimenting with the fruitarian 
diet for several }^ears. He was 25 years old and did not gain or lose 
weight (without clothes), the weights for the different days, with the 
exception of the third and ninth days, when no weight was recorded, 
being 151.1, 153, 151.3, 153.1, 118.1, 150.3, 150.8, and 151.1 pounds. 
On the fifth day the subject ate no supper and on the ninth day no 
lunch. On other days three meals were eaten. The total number of 
meals taken was therefore 28, which in this case was assumed to be 
equivalent to one man for ten days. 

The details of the studv are shown in Table 13. 



Table 13. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients consumed in dietary study No. 363. 





Cost and composition oi food per person per day. 


Kinds, amounts, and cost of different food 
materials. 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Crude 
fiber. 


Fuel 
value. 


VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Fresh fruits: Apples, Pippin, 7,068 grams, 23 cents 
(242a); bananas, 5,498 grams, 85 cents (212a); 
oranges, navel, 13,440 grams, 178 cents (238a); 


Cents. 

28.8 

12.3 
.7 

4.7 
.5 


Grams. 

22.30 
15.90 


Grams. 

5.47 
2.31 


Grams. 

270. 67 

256. 32 
5.10 

17.47 
.57 


Grams. 

31.81 
25. 48 

7.43 


Calories. 

1,210 

1,087 
20 


Dried fruits: Dates, 1,799 grams, 40 cents (36); 
figs, 2,518 grams. 83 cents (35) 


Whiskv, 60 grams, 7 cents (50) 


Nuts: Almonds, 565 grams, 19 cents (249); cocoa- 
nuts, 357 grams, 4 cents (231); walnuts, 733 


29. 66 
.05 


95. 00 
.19 


984 




4 








47.0 


67.91 


102. 97 


550. 13 


64.72 


3,305 





This diet furnished practically 68 grams protein per day, or about 
two-thirds the amount called for by the commonly accepted standards 
for a man at light muscular work. The fuel value, however, slightly 
exceeded the limits of the standard. 

Notwithstanding the variety of foods in this diet which were selected 
by the subject, it did not furnish as much protein as did the diet limited 
by the experimental conditions and consisting of bananas, oranges, 
and almonds, used in a digestion experiment (No. 416, Table 19) with 
the same subject. 



30 



DISCUSSION OF THE DIETARIES. 

In the study of a fruitarian diet previously published a it was noted 
that the foods used were almost exclusively fruit and nuts, the latter 
being the main sources of protein and fat, while the fruit furnished 
the bulk of the carbohydrates, consisting chiefty of the different sorts 
of sugar, with considerable crude fiber and a small amount of starch. 
All the food was eaten raw. The cost of the diet varied from 17 cents 
to 27.5 cents per person per day, and was on the average 20.7 cents. 
Both the protein and the energy in every case were far below the 
limits called for by the tentative American standards for persons per- 
forming a like amount of muscular work. No general conclusions 
were drawn, as the data did not seem sufficient to warrant them. An 
examination of the data recorded above will show that the present 
studies agree essentially with those previously reported. 

In discussing the general question of a fruitarian diet it is of interest, 
for purposes of comparison, to quote the results obtained by other 
investigators in studies of a vegetarian diet with subjects whose daily 
fare included a considerable amount of fruit and nuts. 

Yoit & studied the dietary of a vegetarian 28 years old, height 5 
feet 5 inches, weighing 125 pounds, whose average daily diet con- 
sisted of 131 grams pumpernickel, 438 grams graham bread, 777 grams 
apples, 114 grams dried figs, 247 grams dates, 66 grams oranges, 8 
grams olives, and 21 grams olive oil. 

Ten years later Rumpf and Schumm 6 ' reported a metabolism exper- 
iment with a vegetarian 19 years old, weighing 138 pounds, whose 
daily consumption of food was as follows: 330 grams graham bread, 
1,160 grams apples, 260 grams dates, 140 grams Quaker Oats, 100 
grams rice, 75 grams sugar, and 30 grams nuts. 

Albu/ in 1901, made a digestion experiment lasting five days, with 
a vegetarian, a woman, 42 years old, whose weight was 83 pounds and 
height 4 feet 3 inches. Her average daily diet included 120 grams 
graham bread, 400 grams apples, 400 grams plums, 200 grams grapes, 
64 grams nuts (without shells), 170 grams dates, and 100 grams lettuce. 
The same author reports a twelve-day dietary study of one of the 
leaders of the vegetarian movement in Germany, a man 48 years old, 
height 5 feet 8 inches, weighing (with clothes) 153 pounds. The aver- 
age daily diet consisted of 1,000 grams potatoes, 166 grams hazelnuts, 
12.5 grams peanuts, 83 grams plums, 71 grams sugar, 93 grams raisins, 
354 grams apples, 63 grams oranges, and 50 grams olive oil. 

In Table 14 are given the results of all the dietary studies made with 

a U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 107. 
&Ztschr. Biol., 25 (1889), p. 232. 
^Ztschr. Biol., 39 (1899), p. 153. 
rfZtsehr. Klin. Med., 43 (1901), p. 75. 



31 

fruitarians at the University of California, and, for purpose of com- 
parison, the tabulated results of the German dietaries referred to 
above, the average results of a number of American dietaries, and the 
tentative American standards for a man at sedentary and at moderately 
active work and for a woman at light work. In making the calcula- 
tions it was assumed that a woman would consume seven-tenths as 
much as a man at moderate muscular work. The usual factor for a 
woman is 0.8, but in the present instance the subject was very small 
of stature, below the average in height and weight, and did onl} r light 
housework. The factors used for the boy and girl were 0.6 and 0.5, 
respectively. 

Table 14. — Comparison of daily dietaries of fruitarians and vegetarians with commonly 
accepted, standards. 





Weight 
of 


Nature 
of 


Cost. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Car- 
bohy- 


Fuel 
yalue. 


Nutri- 
tive 




subject. 


dietary. 






drates. 


ratio. 


STUDIES WITH WOMEN AND 


















CHILDREN, VALUES AS 


















DETERMINED. 




















Pounds. 




Cents. 


Grams. 


Grams. 


Grams. 


Calories. 


1: 


Woman, 33 years old, diet- 


90.0 


Fruitarian 


23.7 


33 


59 


150 


1,300 


8.6 


ary No. 328. a 


















Woman, 34 years old, diet- 


9!. 5 


Vegetarian . . . 


15.8 


43 


81 


167 


1,430 


8.0 


ary No. 359. 


















Boy, 9 years old, dietary 


45.0 


Fruitarian 


19.9 


27 


56 


152 


1,255 


10.3 


No. 331. a 


















Boy, 10 years old, dietary 


58.0 


Mixed 


16.0 


48 


68 


260 


1, 730 


7.6 


No. 357. 


















Girl, 6 years old, dietary 


33.0 


Fruitarian 


17.0 


24 


58 


134 


1,190 


11.1 


No. 332. a 


















Girl, 7 years old, dietarv 


35.0 


do 


27.5 


40 


72 


134 


1,385 


7.4 


No. 33*3. « 


















Girl, 8 years old, dietary 


37.0 


Vegetarian . . . 


15.7 


32 


82 


165 


1,403 


10.9 


No. 358. 


















Woman. 42 years old 


83.0 


do 




34 


36 


227 


1,399 


9.1 


(Albu). 


















Do 




do 




49 


51 


324 


1,998 


9.1 


STUDIES WITH WOMEN AND 










CHILDREN, VALUES CAL- 


















CULATED TO BASIS OP 


















MAN AT MODERATE MUS- 


















CULAR WORK. 


















Woman, 33 years old, diet- 
ary No. 328. « 




Fruitarian 


33.9 


47 


84 


214 


1,850 


8.6 



















Woman, 34 years old, diet- 
ary No. 359. 




Vegetarian . . . 


21.0 


61 


116 


239 


2,050 


8.0 














Bov, 9 years old, dietary 
No. 331. « 




Fruitarian 


39.8 


54 


112 


304 


2,510 


10.4 
















Bov, 10 years old, dietary 
No. 357. b 




Mixed 


27.0 


80 


113 


433 


2,880 


7.6 

















Girl, 6 years old, dietary 




Fruitarian 


34.0 


48 


116 


268 


2,375 


11.1 


No. 332. a 


















Girl, 7 years old, dietary 




do 


55.0 


80 


144 


268 


2,770 


7.4 


No. 333. a 


















Girl, 8 years old, dietary 
No. 358. 




Vegetarian . . . 


31.4 


64 


164 


328 


2,805 


10.9 
















Woman, 42 years old 




do 




41 


43 


272 


1,679 




(Albu). 


















Do 




do 




59 


61 


390 


2,398 




STUDIES WITH MEN. 


















Man, 63 years old, dietary 


124.0 


Fruitarian 


23.0 


40 


54 


311 


1,712 


10.9 


No. 355. 


















Man, 64 vears old, dietary 


136.0 


Vegetarian . . . 


18.1 


54 


77 


312 


2,044 


9.0 


No. 356. 


















Man, 22 vears old, dietary 


169.0 


Mixed 


26.0 


94 


96 


337 


2,582 


6.9 


No. 360. b 



















a See U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 107, p. 18. 
b Not included in average. 



32 



Table 14. — Comparison of daily dietaries of fruitarians and vegetarians with commonly 
accepted standards — Continued. 





Weight 

of 
subject. 


Nature 

of 
dietary. 


Cost, 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Car- 
bohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


Nutri- 
tive 
ratio. 


STUDIES WITH MEN — cont'd. 

Man, 22 years old, dietary 

No. 361. a 
Man, 22 years old, dietary 

No. 362. 
Man, 25 years old, dietary 

No. 363. 

Average 


Pounds. 
168.0 

170.0 

151.0 


Mixed 

Fruitarian 

do 


Cents. 
30.7 

33.4 

47,0 


Grams. 
87 

85 

68 

62 
63 
54 
74 

103 

100 

112 

118 
125 

90 


Grams. 
100 

159 

103 

98 
66 
22 

28 

138 


Grams. 
433 

366 

615 

401 
593 

573 
700 

436 


Calories. 
2,870 

2,937 

3,305 

2,493 
3,302 
2,775 
3,431 

3,500 

2,700 

3,050 

3,055 
3,400 

2,450 


1. 
7.6 

8.5 

12.3 

10.0 
11.8 
11.6 


Man, 48 years old ( Albu) . . . 


153.0 
125.0 
138.0 






Man, 28 years old (Voit)-.. 


do 




Man, 19 years old (Rumpf 


do 




and Schumm). 






7.3 

6 1 


well-to-do families in 
the United States. 

DIETARY STANDARDS. 

Man at sedentary or wo- 








man with moderately 

active work (Atwater). 

Man with light to moder- 




do 








6 1 


ate muscular work (At- 
water). 




do 




56 


500 


5 3 


cularwork (Voit). 




do 




6 2 


tive muscular work (At- 
water). 




do 








6.1 


moderate muscular 
work, or man without 
muscular exercise (At- 
water) . 















a Not included in average. 

It will be seen from the table that the results of the two investiga- 
tions at the University of California (1901 and 1902) correspond very 
closely and also agree in the main with the findings of the German 
investigators quoted in showing a uniformly small amount of protein 
in the daily diet. This appears to obtain whether the diet is exclu- 
sively or partly fruitarian. 

It will be noted that the nutritive ratios of dietaries Nos. 359 and 357 
are narrower than in previous dietary studies with the same subjects. 
This and the increased fuel value and the decreased cost of the dieta- 
ries also observed are presumably partly due to the use of cereals in 
the latter studies. A comparison of dietaries Nos. 332, 333, and 358 
shows that at less cost the latter furnishes more protein and energy 
than No. 332. Dietary No. 333 furnishes more protein with nearly 
the same fuel value as stated for No. 358, but the daily cost of the 
former (27.5 cents) greatly exceeds that of the latter (15.7 cents). 

The tabulated results of the fruitarian and vegetarian dietaries for 
men show that the minimum quantity of protein (40 grams) and energy 
(1,712 calories) per day are found in dietary No. 355. It is of more 
than passing interest to observe that the maximum daily protein con- 
tent for the fruitarian dietaries (85 grams) is not reported with a 



33 

fruitarian or even with a vegetarian, but with a student accustomed 
all his life to a mixed diet, who followed the fruit and nut diet for the 
first time during the period covered by study No. 362. It appears 
from the table that, notwithstanding the high price of meat, the cost of 
the mixed dietary No, 360 (26 cents per day) is less than that of either 
of the two succeeding studies made with the same subject. The fuel 
value, however, is greatest in study No. 362, with a strictly fruitarian 
diet, the protein being but 9 grams less than in study No. 360. 

The average A^alue for the daily protein (62 grams) of the American 
vegetarian and fruitarian dietary studies made with men is practically 
identical with the corresponding average for German experiments. 
There is not, however, such a close agreement in the case of energy, 
for in the German studies the minimum, 2,775 calories, reported by 
Voit exceeds by 10 per cent the average of the American studies. 
Finally, it should be noted that as regards protein all the dietaries here 
recorded are decidedly deficient as compared with the commonly 
accepted American dietary standard for men at similar work. The 
question how much protein is necessary daily for a man in order that 
he shall maintain his nitrogen balance at the most satisfactory protein 
level is an exceeding!} 7 important one. 

The fuel value of the dietaries here reported seems to approach 
much nearer the accepted standard than the protein, and in one case 
(study No. 363) is slightly in excess of it. The cost of the daily diets 
varies from 18.1 cents in study No. 356 to 46.5 cents in study No. 363. 
It would thus seem that for a man at moderate work a strictly fruita- 
rian diet would not be economical. At the same time it seems certain 
that a vegetarian diet fulfilling all the requirements of our tentative 
standards could be arranged which would cost no more than the aver- 
age conventional diet and might in many cases cost less. The fruita- 
rian diet possesses an advantage in that there is practically no waste. 
In the case of nuts and fruit of the best quality the only refuse is the 
uneatable portion, such as shells of nuts, stems of fruit, etc., and in 
the case of prepared cereals even this does not obtain, as the waste 
(hulls, etc.) is supposed to have been removed before they have been 
marketed. 

It appears to the writer from his experience that one serious and 
very common fault with the vegetarians is their ignorance of the nutri- 
tive value of the different fruits, nuts, and vegetable foods in general, 
which accounts for the selection of foods furnishing at a fairly high 
price much less nutritive material than could be furnished for the 
same sum or less b} 7 other vegetable foods or by more reasonable 
combinations. 

1153— No. 132—03 3 



84 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. 

The object of conducting the experiments here recorded was to 
gather data relative to the digestibility of fruit and nuts, not only for 
the purpose of ascertaining the quantities of nutriment utilized by the 
vegetarian and fruitarian, which is of course of great physiological 
interest, but also in order to learn whether fruit and nuts should be 
considered as sources of nourishment in any consideiable degree and 
not merely as luxuries or as articles of supposed hygienic or medical 
value. 

Thirty-one digestion experiments, which included also determina- 
tions of the nitrogen balance, were made with four different men. 
Two of them, W. S. M. and C. P. Ii., subjects of dietary studies Nos. 
355 and 356, respectively, were upward of 60 years old. They had 
been, as already noted, accustomed to the fruitarian and vegetarian diet 
for many years. Subject C. P. H. was in excellent health throughout 
the entire experimental period. Subject W. S. M. complained at differ- 
ent times of numbness in the feet and fingers, which had been troubling 
him for several years." 

The other two men were university students in good health. J. E. R. , 
subject of dietaries Nos. 360, 361, and 362, was accustomed to a mixed 
diet and was placed on the fruitarian diet for purposes of comparison. 
A. V., the subject of dietary No. 363, had been experimenting with 
the fruitarian diet for several }^ears. 

The usual method was followed in conducting these experiments, 
which, with two exceptions, lasted four days each. All the food eaten 
and the resulting urine and feces were carefully weighed and analyzed. 

The energy of the urine was computed by assuming that for every 
gram of protein in the digested material there would be 1.25 calories 
of energy lost in the organic matter of the urine. 6 The separation of 
the feces was made by means of charcoal, taken either in the form of 
compressed tablets or in gelatin capsules. It was somewhat difficult 
at times to make an accurate separation, but in the majority of the 
tests the line of demarcation between the feces colored by the char- 
coal and those not so marked was clear and distinct. In nineteen of 
the experiments the feces were examined for the so-called metabolic 
nitrogen. 

It was planned to make tests with single fruits and then combine 
them in succession with the different nuts ordinarily used, as it was 
thought that in this way the digestion coefficients of the different nuts 
alone could be obtained by making the usual calculations and that 
their comparative digestibility would also be shown. In all, ten 

«Six months after the conclusion of the experiment the subject became ill, and the 
physician diagnosed the case as ocomotor ataxia, which later terminated fatally. 
&U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 53, p. 27; Bui. 121, p 21. 



35 

different varieties of fruit and six of nuts were experimented with. 
The subjects ate ad libitum of the fruits and nuts decided upon for the 
experiment. In some cases the diet of a single fruit or of a fruit with 
nuts proved so unpalatable that it was deemed best to supply small 
amounts of olive oil,' tomatoes, or other materials in addition, in a 
number of cases these articles being taken simply as relishes. When 
this was done the diet was regarded as palatable. It is to be regretted, 
however, that owing to the difficult}^ of following such a diet for any 
length of time only two experiments were made with a single fruit. 

EXPERIMENTS WITH W. S. M. 

The experiments with each of the subjects are grouped together. 
Those with W. S. M. follow: 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 388. 



Kind of food. — Grapes, with small quantities of olive oil, tomatoes, 
and olives. 

Subject.— W. S. M. 

Weight {with clothing). — At the beginning of the experiment 56.3 
kilograms (124 pounds) and at the close 55.3 kilograms (122 pounds). 

Duration. — Four da} r s, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast 
November 19, 1901. 

Table 15. — Results of digestion experiment No. 388. 





Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 

combus- 
tion. 


pie 

No. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


205a 
•202a 
207a 
49 


Grapes, Tokay 

Grapes, Muscat... 
Grapes, Cornichoii 


Grams. 

4, 835 
649 
4, 305 
52 
58 
113 


Grams. 
481. 07 
83.45 
407. 93 
52. 00 
3.01 
35.15 


Grams. 

4.02 
.73 
3.51 


Grams. 
25.14 
4.54 
21. 96 


Grams. 
5.80 
2.01 
6.89 
52.00 
.23 
26.00 


Grams. 
434. 18 
74. 56 
377. 10 


Gram,s. 
15.95 
2.34 
1.98 


Grams. 
11.12 
1.10 
12.05 


Calories. 
2,040 

357 
1,732 

483 


32 




.08 
.46 


.52 
2.85 


1.91 

2.85 


.35 
3. 45 


.29 
5.90 


14 


240 




282 




Total 

Feces (water-free) 






10, 012 


1, 062. 61 


8.80 


55. 01 


92.93 


890. 60 


24.07 


30.46 


4,908 


18a 


127. 74 


111. 33 

951. 28 
89.52 


4.89 
3.91 
44.43 


30.55 
24.46 
44.46 


29.96 
62.97 
67.76 


37.05 
853. 55 
95.84 


13.77 
10.30 
42.80 


16.41 
14.05 
46.13 


688 
4,220 








86.00 










31 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 


















4,189 




Per cent of energy 


















85.35 























During the experiment the subject eliminated 5,692 grams urine, 
containing 0.33 per cent or 18.69 grams nitrogen. The average nitro- 
gen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 8.8 
grams; outgo in urine 4.67 grams, and in feces 1.22 grams; indicating 
a loss of 3.69 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 23.06 grams protein. 



36 

The diet of grapes only was so monotonous that it was hardly possi- 
ble to consume the required quantity. To obviate this difficulty- a 
small amount of olive oil and some olives and tomatoes were also eaten, 
the total nutrients supplied by these foods being small as compared 
with the grapes. The subject considered this diet quite appetizing. 
During the last two nights of the period, however, sleep was inter- 
mittent and toward morning a hunger was experienced. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 389. 

Kind of food. — Grapes and Brazil nuts, with small quantities of 
honey, milk, and olive oil. 

Subject.— W. S. M. 

Weight (with clothing). — At the beginning and end of the experi- 
ment, 56.2- kilograms (124: pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast 
November 26, 1901. 

Table 16. — Results of digestion experiment No. 889. 



Sam- 
ple 

No. 


Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


205a 
202a 
207a 
210 

48 


Grapes, Tokay 

Grapes, Muscat . . . 
Grapes, Cornichon 
Brazil nuts 


Grams. 

1,315 

1,161 

5,244 

853 

42 

52 

14 


Grams. 
130.84 
.149.30 
518. 63 
785. 13 
34.28 
6.39 
14.00 


Grams. 
1.09 
1.30 

4.28 

26.99 

.06 

.27 


Grams. 
6.84 
8.13 
26.74 
168. 70 
.35 
1.71 


Grams. 
1.58 
3.60 
8.39 

540.00 

"*2."68" 
14.00 


Gi'ams. 
118. 08 
133. 39 
459. 38 
51.18 
33.93 
2.60 


Grams. 
4.34 
4.18 
24.12 
25.25 


Grams. 
3.03 
1.97 
14.68 
30.88 
.09 
.36 


Calories. 

554 

640 

2, 199 

6,212 

137 


9 


Milk 


39 


49 




130 




Total 

Feces (water-free) 
Amount digested . 
















8,681 


1,638.57 


33.99 


212. 47 


569. 65 


798. 56 


57.89 


51.01 


9,911 


22a 


152. 84 


131. 80 

1, 506. 77 

91.96 


5.38 
28.61 
84.17 


33.64 
178. 83 
84.18 


50.15 
519. 50 
91.20 


39. 56 
759. 00 
95.06 


8.45 
49.44 
85.40 


21.04 
29. 97 

58.75 


894 
9,017 
90.99 








224 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 


















8,793 




Per cent of energy 


















88.72 

























During the experiment the subject eliminated 4,229 grams of urine, 
containing 0.452 per cent or 18.77 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
8.50 grams; outgo in urine 4.69 grams, and in feces 1.38 grams; indi- 
cating a gain of 2.46 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 15.38 grams 
protein. 

The subject believed himself to be amply nourished by the above 
diet, and found it more enjoyable at the close than at the commence- 
ment of the test. 



37 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 390. 

Kind of food. — Grapes, Brazil nuts, and granose, with small 
quantities of tomatoes, milk, and olive oil. 

Subject— W. S. M. 

Weight (with clothing). — At the beginning and end of the experi- 
ment, 56.2 kilograms (124 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast 
December 3, 1901. 

Table 17. — Results of digestion experiment No. 390. 





Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohj 


drates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Sam- 
ple 
No. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


205a 
202a 
207a 
211a 
243 


Grapes, Tokay 

Grapes, Muscat . . . 
Grapes, Cornichon 
Grapes, Verdal .. 


Grams. 

1,456 

1,048 

2,073 

1,166 

1,275 

467 

118 

57 

9 


Grams. 

144. 73 

134. 76 

205. 02 

130. 48 

1, 103. 33 

429. 88 

6.13 

7.01 

9.00 


Grams. 
1.21 
1.18 
1.69 
.99 
22.32 
14.78 
.17 
.30 


Grains. 
7.57 
7.34 
10.57 
6.18 
139. 48 
92.37 
1.06 
1.88 


Grams. 

1.75 
3.25 
3.32 
5.36 
13.13 
295. 67 
.47 
2.28 
9.00 


Grams. 
130. 75 
120. 40 
181.59 

114. 39 

948. 40 
. 28. 02 

3.89 
2.85 


Grams. 
4.66 
3.77 
9.54 
4.55 
2.32 
13.82 
.71 


Grams. 

3.35 
1.78 
5.80 
4. 20 
28.81 
16.91 
.59 
.40 


Calorics. 
613 
578 
869 
568 
4,988 


210 
32 


Brazil nuts 


3,402 
29 


9 


Milk 


43 


49 




84 




Total 

Feces (water-free) 
Amount digested . 
Per cent digested. 
















7,669 


2, 170. 34 


42.64 


266. 45 


334. 23 


1,530.29 


39.37 


61.84 


11,174 


26a 


168. 51 


145. 33 

2, 025. 01 

93.31 


6.21 
36.43 
85. 44 


38.80 
227. 65 
85.44 


52.41 
281. 82 
84.32 


39.07 

1,491.22 

97.45 


15. 05 
24.32 
61.77 


23.18 
38.66 
62. 52 


, 943 
10,231 
91.56 

285 




Energy of food 1 
oxidized in the 
body 


i i j 






9,946 




Per cent of energy 


i 1 1 






89. 01 




i 


1 1 i 









During the experiment the subject eliminated 4,995 grams urine, 
containing 0.438 per cent or 21.88 grams nitrogen. The average 
daily nitrogen balance was therefore as follows: Income in food 10.66 
grams; outgo in urine 5.47 grams, and in feces 1.55 grams; indicating 
a gain of 3.64 grams nitrogen, or 22.75 grams protein. 

The subject appeared to be well satisfied with this diet. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 393. 

Kind of food. — Grapes and walnuts, with a small quantity of 
granose. 

Subject.— W. S. M. 

Weight (with clothing). — At the beginning of the experiment 55.8 
kilograms (123 pounds) and at the close 55.3 kilograms (122 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast 
December 10, 1901. 



38 



Table 18. — Results of digestion experiment No. 393. 



Sam- 
ple 

No. 


Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 








Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 

('ataries. 
3, 884 
5 fl:« 


Nitro- Pro- 
gen, tein. 


Fat. 


Sugar, 

starch, 
etc. 


Fiber. 


211a 
223 


Grapes, Verdal . . . 


Grams. 

7,950 

680 

57 


Grams. 
889. 59 
640. 02 
50. 26 


Grams. • Grams. 
6.74 42.13 
26.75 167.14 
1.00 6.23 


Gram*. 

36.57 

427. 86 

.59 


Grams. 

779. 89 
32.30 
42. 40 


Grams. 
31.00 
12. 72 
1.04 


Grams. 
28. 62 
12 99 


243 




1 9 9 230 




Total 

Feces (water free) 






8,687 


1, 579. 87 


34.49 | 215.50 


465. 02 


854. 59 


44.76 


42.90 | 9,147 


37a 


150. 23 


129. 98 

1,449.89 

91.77 


6.98 
27.51 
79.76 


43. 62 
171. 88 
79.76 


48.79 
416. 23 
89.49 


24.17 
830. 42 
97.18 


13.40 
31.36 
70.06 


20. 25 
22.65 
52.80 


866 
8, 281 








90.54 








215 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 












8,066 




Per cent of energy 










::::::::l:::::::::i:::::::::::::::: 


88.18 














i 





During this experiment the subject eliminated 4,722 grams urine, 
containing 0.473 per cent or 22.34 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day therefore was as follows: Income in food 
8.62 grams; outgo in urine 5.59 grams, and in feces 1.74 grams; 
indicating a gain of 1.29 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 8.06 grams 
protein. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 394. 

Kind of food. — Japanese persimmons and peanuts, supplemented 
by small quantities of tomatoes, granose, olive oil, and milk. 

Subject.— W. S. M. 

Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning and at the close of the 
experiment 56.2 kilograms (124 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, commencing with break- 
fast December 18, 1901. 

Table 19. — Results of digestion experiment No 394. 



Sam- 
ple 

No. 


Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


52a 


Japanese persim- 


Grams. Grams. 
7,338 1069.87 


Grams. 

12.21 

44.54 

.07 

1.98 


Grams. 

76. 32 

278. 40 

.41 

12.36 


Grams. 

41.10 
403. 70 
.18 
1.16 
28.00 
9.08 


annus. 

836. 50 
90.50 
1.49 
84.06 


Grams. 

115.95 
16.89 

2! 06 


Grains. 

35.96 

21.84 

.22 

2.55 


Calories. 

4, 725 


255 




853 
45 
113 

28 
227 


789. 49 
2.35 
99.64 
28.00 
27.92 


5,715 


32 




11 


243 




444 


49 




260 


9 


Milk 


1.20 


7.49 


il.35 


1.59 


172 




Total 

Feces (water-free) 
Amount digested. 
Per cent digested. 








8,604 2,017.27 


60.00 


374.98 j 483.22 


1,023.90 135.17 


62. 16 


11, 327 


41a 


232. 89 


207. 27 

1,810.00 

89.72 


7.92 
52.08 
86.80 


49. 52 
325. 46 
86.80 


54. 60 
428. 62 
88.70 


89.86 
934. 04 
91.22 


13. 29 
121.88 
90.16 


25. 62 
36.54 
58.78 


1,320 
10, 007 






88.83 
407 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 


















9,600 




Per cent of energy 


















84.76 

























39 

During this experiment the subject eliminated 4,538 grams urine, 
containing 0.052 per cent or 29.58 grams nitrogen. The average 
daily nitrogen balance therefore was as follows: Income in food 15 
grams; outgo in urine 7.40 grams, and in feces 1.98 grams; indicating 
a gain of 5.62 nitrogen, corresponding to 35.12 grams protein. 

This unusual diet was of the subject's own selection and apparently 
was satisfactory. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 396. 



Kind of food. — Pears and walnuts, with small quantities of granose 
and milk. 

Subject.- W. S. M. 

Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment 57.1 
kilograms (126 pounds) and at the close 56.7 kilograms (125 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast 
December 26, 1901. 

Table 20.— Results of digestion experiment No. 396. 



Sam- 
ple 
No. 


Kind of food. 


Weight! Total 
of ma- organic 
terial. j matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 




Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Fat. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


51a 




Grams. \ Grams, 

9,778 11,465.74 

771 ! 725.64 

227 | ^7.92 

113 : 99.64 


Grams. 
12.36 
30.31 
1.20 
1.98 


Grams. 

77.25 

189. 50 

7.49 

12.36 


Grams. 

37.16 

485. 10 

9.08 

1.16 


Grams. 

1,237.90 

36. 62 

11.35 

84.06 


Grains. 
113. 43 
14.42 

""Toe" 


G-rams. ! Calories. 
33.25 | 6,287 
14.73 ! 5,641 
1-59 j 171 


223 




9 


Milk 


243 




2.55 l 444 




Total 

Feces ( water- free ) 
Amount digested. 
Percent digested. 






10,889 2,318.94 


45.85 


286. 60 


532. 50 


1, 369. 93 


129.91 | 52.12 j 12,542 


49a 


184.48 i 168.38 

2, 150. 56 

| 92.74 


7.29 
38. 56 
84.10 


45.57 
241. 03 
84.10 


45.73 
486. 77 
91.41 


41.72 

1,328.21 

96.98 


35.36 
94.55 
72. 80 


16.10 
36.02 
69.11 


1,061 

11,481 

91.54 

301 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 
"body 


! 












• 


11,180 




Pe&centof energy 














89.12 








J 




i 







During this experiment the subject eliminated 5,430 grams of urine, 
containing 0.397 per cent or 21.55 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
11.46 grains; outgo in urine 5.39 grams, and in feces 1.82 grams; 
indicating a gain of 4.25 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 26.56 
grams protein. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 398. 

Kind of food. — Pears and cocoanuts chiefly, with cheese, tomatoes, 
and olive oil. 
m Subject.- W. S. M. 

Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment 57.1 
kilograms (126 pounds) and at the close 56.3 kilograms (124.5 pounds). 



40 



Duration, — Four da} T s, with twelve meals, beginning- with breakfast 
January 6, 1902. 

Table 21. — Results of digestion experiment No. 398. 



Sam- 
ple 

No. 


Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


51a 




Grams. 
9,986 
971 
57 
14 
63 


Grams. 

1, 496. 91 

773. 77 

14.93 

.73 

63.00 


Grams. 

12. 62 

8.16 

1.91 

.02 


Grams. 

78.89 

50.98 

11.91 

.13 


Grams. 

37.95 

495. 20 

.57 

.06 

63.00 


Grams. 

1,264.23 

93.89 

2.45 

.46 


Grams. 
115. 84 
133. 70 

"".'08' 


Grams. 

33.95 

11.07 

1.03 

.07 


Calories. 

6,421 

5, 804 

81 

5 


231 
11 
32 


Cocoanuts 

Cottage cheese . . . 


49 




586 




Total 

Feces (water-free) 
















11, 091 


2, 349. 34 


22.71 


141.91 


596. 78 


1,361.03 


249. 62 


46.12 


12, 897 


57a 


175. 45 


160. 65 

2, 188. 69 
93.16 


5.65 
17.06 

75.12 


35.30 
106. 61 
75.12 


52.11 
544. 67 
91.27 


34.89 

1, 326. 14 

97.44 


38. 35 
211.27 
84.64 


14.80 
31.32 
67.91 


1, 022 
11,875 








92.09 








133 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 


















11, 742 




Per cent of energy 


















91.06 




























During this experiment the subject eliminated 6,792 grams urine, 
containing 0.341 per cent or 23.37 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
5.68 grams; outgo in urine 5.84 grams, and in feces 1.41 grams; indi- 
cating a loss of 1.57 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 8.81 grams 
protein. 

The diet used in this experiment was chosen by the subject and 
proved appetizing. The pears were ^aten in three different ways, i. e. , 
raw, baked, and combined with tomatoes in a salad, which was dressed 
with a little olive oil. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 401. 

Kind of food. — Apples, dried figs, and walnuts, with some granose 
and milk. 

Subject.— W. S. M. 

Weight {with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment 57.6 
kilograms (127 pounds), and at the close 58.1 kilograms (128 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast 
January 14, 1902. 



41 



Table 22. — Results of digestion experiment No. 401. 





Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 

organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat, 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


pie 

No. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


35 
230a 


Figs, dried 


Gram*. 

1.012 

7,792 

657 

227 

113 


Grams. 
769.11 
863. 36 
618. 36 
27. 92 
99.64 


Grams. 
6.96 
5.11 


Grams. 
43.51 
31.95 


Grains. 
7.08 
10.91 

413. 38 
9.08 
1.16 


Grams. 
632. 50 
769. 07 
31.21 
11.35 
84.06 


Grams. 
86.02 
51.43 

12. 28 

'"% 06' 


Grams. 
13.16 
20. 26 
12. 55 
1.59 
2.55 


Calories. 
3,133 
3,488 


223 




25. 83 
1.20 
1.98 


161. 49 
7.49 
12.36 


4,811 


9 


Milk 


172 


243 




444 




Total 

Feces (water-free) 






9, 801 


2, 378. 39 


41.08 


256. 80 


441. 61 


1,528.19 


151. 79 


50.11 


12, 048 


C9a 


221.23 


193. 41 

2, 184. 98 

91.86 


12. 00 
29. 08 
70.79 


75.02 
181. 78 
70.79 


V. 01 
389. 60 
88.22 


32. 87 
1,495.32 

97.85 


33.51 
118. 28 
77.95 


27.82 
22. 29 
44.48 


1,235 
10,813 






89.75 






227 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 


















10, 586 




Per cent of energy 


















87.87 






1 















During this experiment the subject eliminated 5,645 grams urine, 
containing 0.424 per cent or 23o84 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
10.27 grams; outgo in urine 5.99 grams, and in feces 3 grams; indi- 
cating a gain of 1.28 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 8 grams protein. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 403. 

Kind of food. — Apples, dates, and peanuts, with some granose, olive 
oil, tomatoes, and milk. 

Subject— W. S. M. 

Weight {with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment 58.1 
kilograms (128 pounds) and at the close of the experiment 58.2 kilo- 
grams (128.5 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast 
January 21, 1902. 

Table 23. — Results of digestion experiment No. 403. 



Sam- 
ple 

No. 


Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial 


Total 
organic 
matter 








Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Nitro- Pro- 
gen, tein. 


Fat. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


242a 




Grams. 
6,105 
1,071 
694 
54 
64 
113 
227 


Grams. 
917. 57 
605. 02 
642. 38 
2.80 
64.00 
99.64 
27.92 


Grams. 

5.37 

4.63 

36. 23 

.08 


Grams. 
33.57 
28.92 

226. 51 

.48 


Grams. 
7.94 
3.21 
328. 50 
.22 
64.00 
1.16 
9.08 


Grams. 

811. 35 

550.40 

73.63 

1.78 


Grams. 

64.71 

22. 49 

13.74 

.32 


Grams. 
9.77 
13.92 
17.77 

.27 


Calories. 

3,782 

2,495 

4,651 

13 


37 




255 




32 




49 




595 


243 




1.98 
1.20 


12.36 
7.49 


84.06 
11.35 


2.06 


2.55 
1.59 


444 


9 


Milk 


172 




Total 

Feces (water-free) 
Amount digested . 






8,328 


2, 359. 33 


49.49 j 309.33 


414. 11 


1,532.57 


103. 32 


45.87 


12, 152 


77a 


220. 55 


195. 85 

2, 163. 48 

91.70 


10. 82 
38.67 

78.14 


67.60 
241. 73 
78.14 


69. 15 
344. 96 
83. 29 


43.56 

1, 489. 01 

97.16 


15.54 
87.78 
84.96 


24. 70 
21.17 
46.15 


1,315 
10, 837 








89.16 








302 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 
body 


















10, 535 




Per cent of energy 








86.70 










! 1 ! 1 1 





42 



During this experiment the subject eliminated 5,893 grams urine, 
containing 0.503 per cent or 29.64 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
12.37 grams; outgo in urine 7.41 grams, and in feces 2.70 grams; 
indicating a gain of 2.26 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 14.13 grams 
protein. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 405. 

Kind of food. — Apples, dates, pecans, with a little granose and 
cottage cheese. 

Subject.— Yf. S. M. 

Weight {with clothes). — At the beginning and close of the experi- 
ment 59 kilograms (130 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast 
January 28, 1902. 

Table 24. — Results of digestion experiment No. 405. 






Sam- 
ple 

No. 


Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 

Calories. 

5.14ft 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


24?a 




Grams. 

8,305 

1,365 

594 

45 

45 


Grams. 
1,248.24 
771. 22 
559. 23 
11.80 
39.68 


Grams. 
7.31 
5.90 
14.90 

1. 51 
.79 


Grams. 
45.68 
36.85 
93.08 
9.41 
4.92 


Grams. 

10.80 

4.10 

424. 81 

-.45 

.46 


Grams. 

1,103.73 

701.60 

22. 51 


Grains. 
88.03 
28.67 
18.83 


Grams. 
13. 29 


37 




17.75 ! 3,182 


233 




9.21 l 4,652 


11 

243 


Cottage cheese . . . 


1.94 
33.48 


_8'7 


.81 t 65 
1.02 i 177 




Total 

Feces (water free) 
Amount digested. 
Per cent digested. 








10, 354 2, 630. 17 


30.41 


189. 94 


440. 62 


1,863.26 136.35 


42.08 j 13,221 


85a 


159. 76 


140.48 

2, 489. 69 

94.66 


7. 25 
23.16 
76.16 


45.32 
144. 62 
76.16 


37. 32 
403. 30 
91.53 


41.37 
1,821.89 

97.78 


16.47 
119.88 
87. 92 


19.28 
22.80 
54. 18 


81)3 
12, 328 






93.23 






181 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 


















12, 147 




Per cent of energy 


















91.88 
























During this experiment the subject eliminated 5,648 grams urine, 
containing 0.413 per cent or 23.33 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
7.60 grams; outgo in urine 5.84 grams, and in feces 1.81 grams; 
indicating a loss of 0.05 gram nitrogen, corresponding to 0.31 gram 
protein. 

Concerning the diet used in this test the subject stated that it was 
enjoyable throughout and eaten with increasing relish. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 406. 

Kind of food. — Apples, raisins, and walnuts, with peanuts, peanut 
butter, granose, cottage cheese, and butter. 
Subject— W. S. M. 



43 

Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning and close of the experi- 
ment 59.4 kilograms (131 pounds). 

1) and ion. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast 
February 4, 1902. 

Table 25. — Results of digest ion experiment No. 406. 





Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Sam- 
ple 
No. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


242a 




Grams. 

7,824 
1,338 
1,039 
28 
113 
73 
59 


Grams. 
1,175.93 
915.05 
387. 12 
24.08 
99.64 
67.58 
54.81 
19.13 


Grams. 
6.88 
9.74 
16.16 
.05 
1.98 
3.81 
2.77 
2.44 


Grams. 
43.03 
60.88 

101.00 
.28 
12.36 
23. 83 
17.29 
15. 26 


Grams. 
10.17 
8.16 
258. 90 
23.80 
1.16 
34. 55 
27.43 
.73 


Grams. 

1, 039. 80 

837. 18 

19.53 


Grams. 
82.93 
8.83 
7.69 


Grams. 
12.52 
42.01 
7.90 
.08 
2.55 
1.87 
.30 
1.31 


Calories. 
4,847 
3,941 


257 




223a 


Walnuts 


3,009 


10 


Butter 


325 


243 




84.06 
7.75 

10.09 
3.14 


2.06 
1.45 


444 






486 


44 
11 


Peanut butter 

Cottage cheese ... 

Total 

Feces (water-free) 


395 
105 




10,547 


2, 743. 34 


43. 83 


273. 93 


364. 90 


2, 001. 55 


102.96 


68.54 


13, 552 


89a 


165.39 


144. 92 

2, 598. 42 

94. 72 


8.46 
35. 37 
80.70 


52. 93 
221.00 
80.68 


47.10 
317. 80 
87.10 


31.89 

1,966.66 

98. 25 


10.00 
92. 96 

90. 30 


20. 47 
48.07 
70.14 


975 
12, 577 








92.80 








276 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 
















12, 301 




Percentof energy 
















90. 78 












1"" 









During this experiment the subject eliminated 5,055 grams urine, 
containing 0.446 per cent or 22.57 grams nitrogen. The average nitro- 
gen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 10.96 
grams; outgo in urine 5.64 grams, and in feces 2.12 grams; indicat- 
ing a gain of 3.20 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 20 grams protein. 

The subject stated that the combination of fruits and nuts used in 
this test was quite satisfactory. The raisins were seeded and with the 
nuts made into a sort of mincemeat, which was eaten with great relish. 

DISCUSSION OF DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS W r ITH SUBJECT W. S. M. 

A stud} T of the foregoing experiments brings to light a large amount 
of interesting data. In order to facilitate a review of these the results 
have been summarized in the following tables. 

Table 26 shows the weighf, composition, and fuel value of the food 
eaten per day during the different experiments; Table 27 summarizes 
the coefficients of digestibility for each of the eleven experiments, and 
Table 28 gives a summary of the income and outgo of nitrogen as 
determined for the individual experiments. 



44 



Table 26. — Weight and composition of food per man per day. 



Ex- 


Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 






peri- 
ment 

No. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


Ash. combus- 
tion. 


388 
389 


Grapes, assorted.. 
Grapes, and Bra- 


Grams. 
2,503 

2, 170 

1,917 

2, 172 

2, 151 

2, 722 
2,773 

2, 450 

2,082 

2, 589 

2,637 


Grams. 
265. 65 

409. 64 

542. 58 
394. 97 

504. 31 

579. 74 
587. 34 

594. 60 

589. 83 
657. 58 
685.84 


Grams. 

2. 20 

8.50 
10.66 
8.62 

15.00 

11.46 
5.68 

10.27 

12.37 

7.60 

10.96 


Grams. 
13. 75 

53. 12 

66.61 

53. 87 

93.74 

71.65 
35. 48 

64.20 

77.33 

47.48 
68.48 


Grams. 
23. 23 

142. 41 

83.56 

116. 26 

120. 80 

133. 13 
149. 19 

110.40 

103. 53 

110.15 

91.23 


Grams. 

222. 65 

199. 64 
382. 57 
213.65 

255. 98 

342.48 
340. 26 

382. 05 

383.14 

465. 86 

500. 39 


Grams. 
6.02 

14.47 

9.84 

11.19 

33.79 

32.48 
62.41 

37.95 

25.83 

34.09 

25.74 


Grams. 
7.61 

12. 75 

15. 46 

10.72 

15.54 

13.03 
11.53 

12.53 

11.47 

10. 52 

17.14 


Calories. 
1,047 

2,198 

2, 487 

2,017 

2,400 
2,795 


390 
393 


Grapes, Brazil 

nuts, granose... 

Grapes, walnuts, 


391 
396 


Japanese persim- 
mons, peanuts 
(milk,227grams) 

Pears, walnuts, 
(milk, 227 grams; 
granose, 113 


398 
401 

403 

405 


Pears, cocoannt .. 
Dried figs, apples, 

walnuts 

Apples, dates, 

peanuts 

Apples, dates, 


2,936 

2,647 
2,634 
3,037 
3,075 


406 


Apples, raisins, 
walnuts 

Average, 11 
experi- 
ments 




2,379 


528. 37 


9.39 


58.70 


107. 63 


335.33 


26.71 


12.58 


2,479 



Table 27. — Summary of digestion experiments. 



Total 
organic 
matter. 



Carbohydrates. 



Sugar, 

starch 

etc. 



Grapes, with small amount of olive 
oil, tomatoes, and olives 

Grapes, Brazil nuts 

Grapes, Brazil nuts, granose 

Grapes, walnuts, granose 

Persimmons and peanuts (milk, 
227 grams) 

Pears, walnuts, milk, granose 

Pears and cocoanut 

Dried figs, apples, walnuts 

Apples, dates, peanuts 

Apples, dates, pecans 

Apples, raisins, walnuts 

Average, 11 experiments 



Per Qt. 

89.52 
91.96 
93.31 

91.77 

89.72 
92.74 
93.16 
91.86 
91.70 
94.66 
94. 72 



44.43 
84.17 
85.44 
79.76 



84.10 
75.12 
70.79 
78.14 
76.16 
80.70 



91.20 
84.32 
89.49 

88.70 
91.41 
91.27 
88.22 
83.29 
91.53 
87.10 



Per ct. 

95.84 
95.06 
97.45 
97.18 

91.22 

96.98 
97.44 
97.85 
97.16 

97.78 
98.25 



Per ct. 

42.80 
85.40 
61.77 
70.06 

90.16 

72.80 
84.64 
77.95 
84.96 
87.92 
90.30 



Per ct. 

46.13 
58.75 
62.52 
52.80 



69.11 
67.91 
44.48 
46.15 
54.18 
70.14 



92. 56 



79. 9 



!8. 01 



58.47 



45 



Table 28. — Income and outgo of nitrogen. 



Ex- 
peri- 
ment 

No. 



Kind of food. 



In food. In urine. In feces. ri J s ( (l 



389 
390 
393 



Grapes, assorted, whole period (4 days) 

Average for 1 day 

Grapes, Brazil nuts, whole period (4 days) 

Average for 1 day 

Grapes, Brazil nuts, granose, whole period (4 days) . 

Average for 1 day 

Grapes, walnuts, granose, whole period (4 days).., 

Average for 1 day 

Persimmons, peanuts (milk, 227 grams), whole 

period (4 days) 

Average for 1 day 

Pears, walnuts (milk, 227 grams; granose, 113 

grams) , whole period (4 days) 

Average for 1 day 

Pears, cocoanut, whole period (4 days) 

Average for 1 day 

Dried tigs, apples, walnuts, whole period (4 days) 

Average for 1 day 

Apples, dates, peanuts, whole period (4 days) 

Average for 1 day 

Apples, dates, pecans, whole period (4 days) 

Average for 1 day 

Apples, raisins, walnuts, Avhole period (4 days) ... 
Average for 1 day 



Grama. 
8.80 
2.20 
33.99 
8.50 
42.64 
10.66 
34.49 



60.00 
15.00 

45.85 
11.46 
22.71 

5.68 
41.08 
10.27 
49.49 
12.37 
30.41 

7.60 
43.83 
10.96 



Grams. 
18.69 

4.67 
18.77 

4.69 
21.88 

5.47 
22.34 

5.59 

29. 58 
7.40 

21.55 

5.39 
23.37 

5.84 
23. 94 

5.99 
29.64 

7.41 
23.33 

5.83 
22.57 

5.64 



1.22 

5.39 
1.35 
6.21 
1.55 



1.98 

7.29 
1.82 
5.64 
1.41 

12.01 
3.00 

10.82 
2.70 
7.26 
1.81 



Grams. 
-14. 78 

- 3.69 
+ 9.83 
+ 2.46 
+14. 55 
+ 3.64 
+ 5.17 
+ 1.29 

+22.49 
+ 5.62 

+17.01 

+ 4.25 

- 6.30 

- 1.57 
+ 5.13 
+ 1.28 
+ 9.03 
+ 2.26 

- .18 

- .05 
+12. 80 
+ 3.20 



In considering- these and the succeeding digestion experiments it 
must be remembered that the digestibility of the food, and therefore 
the coefficients of digestibility, depend on many factors. The point has 
been so freery discussed in previous publications of this Office a that in 
this present instance it is not necessary to treat the matter in detail. 
It might not be out of place, however, to call to mind some of Praus- 
nitz's 5 observations in this connection. He points out that there are 
three possibilities — either (1) each food digests as if it were used alone, 
or (2) one is hindered or (3) is helped in digestion by the presence of 
others. For the experiments under discussion the question is an 
exceedingly important one. 

It appears from an examination of the data in Table 32 that in the 
first experiment, No. 388, in which the diet consisted entirely of grapes, 
the coefficients of availability for protein are extreme^ low. This 
may be accounted for in several ways. The protein of the grape may 
contain considerable amid nitrogen, although an examination of the 
data for the urine and feces would tend to an opposite view. The total 
amount of protein supplied by the food during the experimental period 
was 55 grams, while the feces contained 30.55 grams, or over 60 per 
cent, implying either a large amount of undigested protein or an 
unusual excretion of nitrogen in the so-called metabolic products. A 
reference, however, to Table 55, page 73, showing the metabolic nitro- 
gen of the feces, indicates that for the experiment the feces contained 
about 1.3 grams of nitrogen in the so-called metabolic products, while 
the average of the 11 experiments is 1.35 grams. Whether the low 

«U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 21, pp. 53-80. See also 
Konig's Chemie der menschlichen Nahrungs- und Genussmittel, 1889, p. 46. 
&Arch. Hyg., 1893, p. 626. 



46 

coefficient obtained in this instance is due to the indigestibility of the 
grape protein, or whether it is a case of personal equation, or whether 
it is to be accounted for by the monotony of the diet, is one of the 
many questions which this investigation has given rise to. 

The coefficient of digestibility for sugar, etc., is fairly high. That 
for the fat (ether extract) is low, but as we are not perfectly familiar 
with the composition of this material little can be said regarding its 
digestibility. 

The food eaten in this experiment is less than a maintenance diet, 
as proved by the loss in body protein and total weight. The results 
obtained from experiment No. 389 are much more satisfactoiy in every 
way. The amount of protein was almost four times and the energy 
more than double the quantity ingested in the previous experiment. 
The coefficients of digestibility, 8tt per cent for protein, 91 per cent 
for fat, 85 per cent for fiber, and 58 per cent for mineral matter, are 
all far higher than those reported for the grape experiment. This 
implies that the Brazil nut is quite thoroughly digested, at least by 
this subject. Whether like conditions would obtain with other sub- 
jects is a question for further study. The Brazil nut does not find as 
much favor with fruitarians generally as either the almond or walnut. 

When walnuts were substituted for Brazil nuts, as in experiment 
No. 393, a decided lowering of the digestive coefficients was noticed, 
which tends to show that for this subject at least walnuts are not as 
well assimilated as Brazil nuts. 

It is of more than passing interest to note the high digestibility 
observed in experiments Nos. 394 and 398 for a diet consisting in the 
main, respectively, of Japanese persimmons and peanuts and of pears 
and cocoanut. These two combinations are not usual ly considered to 
be inviting or appetizing even for one meal, yet this subject subsisted 
on each of them for four days. During the first test he gained 140 
grains in body protein, while during the second he lost about 39 grams. 

It appears from a consideration of experiment No. 401, in which the 
main foods used were apples, dried figs, and walnuts, and No. 406, 
where the diet consisted chiefly of apples, raisins, and walnuts, that 
the raisins were more thoroughly digested than the dried figs. This 
point is further emphasized by referring to Table 22, which shows for 
the period covered by experiment No, 401 a gain of 32 grams protein, 
while for experiment No. 406 a gain of 80 grams is recorded. The 
fact that the diet used in the latter experiment contained some pea- 
nuts and peanut butter may account to some extent for the increased 
digestibility but not for the great difference observed. 

A comparison of the results of experiments Nos. 403 and 405, in 
which apples and dates were eaten, combined in the former test with 
peanuts and in the latter with pecans, indicates that for this subject 
there is little choice between the two nuts as regards digestibility. 
The main difference observed was in the fat. 



47 



The average coefficients of digestibility for the fruits and nuts in the 
above experiments made with this subject indicate that these foods 
possess a high nutritive value. This is shown further by the fact that 
during the entire experimental period of eleven weeks, from November 
19, 1901, to February 7, 1902, while living upon a diet consisting 
mainly of fruit and nuts the subject gained 7 pounds in body weight. 

It appears from Table 28 that the income of nitrogen in the food was, 
with the exception of experiment No. 391, generally low. The 
minimum quantity of nitrogen, recorded for experiment No. 388, ' 
namely, 2.2 grams per day, was naturally coexistent with the maximum 
loss. It would seem from the results of experiment No. 105 that with 
a diet furnishing about 1,100 calories of energy this subject required 
about 8 grams of nitrogen per day for the maintenance of nitrogen 
equilibrium, for with a daily income of 7.6 grams of nitrogen there was 
a loss of only 0.05 gram. In two experiments, Nos. 388 and 398, 
where the income fell still lower, there was a corresponding greater 
loss of bod}^ protein. In the remaining experiments, notwithstanding 
the small income of nitrogen, there is recorded an average daily gain 
varying from 1.28 grams of nitrogen in experiment No. 101 to 5.62 
grams in experiment No. 391. 

EXPERIMENTS WITH C. P. H. 

The details follow of the digestion experiments made with C. P. H. , 
who, as previously stated, was a man about 60 years old and in excellent 
health. For many years he had been accustomed to a diet similar to 
that eaten during the experimental period. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 391. 

Kind of food. — Bananas. 
Subject— C. P. IL 

Weight {with clothes). — At the beginning and close of the experi- 
ment, 61.7 kilograms (136 pounds). 

'Duration. — Three da3 T s, with eight" meals, beginning with breakfast 
December 2, 1901. 

Table 29. — Results of digestion experiment No. 391. 



Sam- 
ple 
No. 


Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


212a 




Grams. 
6, 520 


Gravis. 
906. 28 


Gravis. 
10.53 


Grams. 
65.85 


Grams. 
9.78 


Grams. 
809. 13 


Grams. 
21.52 


Grams. 
33.25 


Calories. 
3,839 




Feces (water-free) 
Amount digested. 




29a 


57.40 


50.21 
856. 07 


2.52 

8.01 
76.07 


15.78 
50. 07 
76.04 


7.93 

1.85 
18.92 


24. 22 
784. 91 
97.01 


2.28 
19.24 
89.40 


7.19 
26.06 

78.38 


296 
3,543 
92.30 








63 




Energy of food i 
oxidized in the 
















3,480 




Per cent of energy : 


■ 












90.66 


1 1 ' 




1"""' 





a This subject usually ate but two meals per day. 



48 

During this experiment the subject eliminated 2,422 grams urine, 
containing 0.497 per cent or 12.03 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
3.51 grams; outgo in urine 4.01 grams, and in feces 0.84 gram; 
indicating a loss of 1.34 grams, corresponding to 8.38 grams protein. 

The subject usually rose at 6.30 and took a cold-water sponge bath, 
followed by gymnastic exercises. He was engaged in literary work, 
though he also exercised about four hours daily in the open air. 

This diet of bananas became exceedingly monotonous, and the subject 
craved some variation soon after the commencement of the experi- 
ment. The fruit was eaten both raw and cooked, and was most 
pleasing when toasted, with a little salt added. It was noticed that 
when raw bananas were eaten the subject was not hungiy as soon as 
when the toasted fruit was eaten. Ordinarily the subject ate but two 
meals a day, but he found that two meals of bananas were not suffi- 
cient to keep him from being hungry all the time. He stated that he 
felt as well at the close of the experiment as at the beginning, except 
that he was hungry for something which bananas did not furnish and 
which he thought nuts or something akin to nuts would supply. He 
did not think that bananas should have all the credit for his continued 
health and good physical condition, since he believed that he could have 
fasted for the three days and still have been strong and well, provided 
he could have had at least eight hours sleep per day. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 392. 



Kind of food. — Bananas and almonds. 

Subject.— C. P. H. 

Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment 62.8 
kilograms (138.5 pounds), and at the close 62.6 kilograms (138 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with eight meals, beginning with breakfast 
December 10, 1901. 

Table 30. — Results of digestion experiment No. 392. 





Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 

combus- 
tion. 


pie 

No. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


212a 




Grams. 

7,058 

481 


Grams. 
981. 05 
446. 38 


Grams. 
11.41 
13.30 


Grams. 
71.28 
83. 12 


Grams. 
10. 59 
261.19 


Grams. 
875. 89 
89.66 


Grams. 
23. 29 
12. 41 


Grams. 
36.00 
13.37 


Calories. 
4,154 


249 




3,317 




Total 

Feces (water-free) 






7,539 


1,427.43 


24. 71 


154. 40 


271. 78 


965. 55 


35.70 


49.37 


7,471 


33a 


172.03 


143. 49 

1, 283. 94 

89.91 


7.41 
17.30 
70. 01 


46.34 
108.06 
70.00 


41.63 
230. 15 
84.70 


47.16 
918. 39 
95.13 


8.36 
27. 34 
76.59 


28.54 
20.83 
42. 19 


931 
6,540 








87.53 








135 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 


















6,405 




Per cent of energy 








, 










85.73 

























49 

During this experiment the subject eliminated 3,750 grams urine, 
containing 0.553 per cent or 20.73 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
6.18 grams; outgo in urine 5.18 grams, and in feces 1.86 grams; indi- 
cating a loss of 0.86 gram nitrogen, corresponding to 5.38 grams 
protein. 

During the first day of this test the subject ground the almonds to a 
tine paste, thereby causing a separation, of the oil. This pasty mass, 
closely resembling peanut butter, did not digest well. During the suc- 
ceeding three days he ate the nuts without grinding, and they seemed 
to digest more easily. The diet was appetizing and very satisfactory 
to the subject, who believed that he could follow it much longer than 
four days and also work hard, both physically and mentally. 

The results of the experiment, however, do not bear out this belief. 
The nitrogen equilibrium was not kept up, the energy utilized was 
very low, and there was a slight loss of body weight. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 395. 

Kind of food. — Bananas and walnuts. 

Subject.— C. P. H. 

Weight {with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment 63.2 
kilograms (139.5 pounds), and at the close of the experiment 62.1 
kilograms (137 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with six meals, beginning with first meal 
December 18, 1901. 

Table 31. — Results of digestion experiment No. 395. 



Sam- 
ple 

No. 


i 

Weight 

Kind of food. \ of raa- 

! terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 

tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


212a 


Grams. 
Bananas 6, 180 


Grams. 
859. 07 
391. 33 


Grains. 
9.99 
16.34 


Grams. 
62.41 
102. 17 


Grams. 

9.27 

261. 65 


Grams. 

767. 00 
19.74 


Grams. 
20. 39 

7.77 


Grams. 
31.52 
7.98 


Calories. 
3,637 


223a 


Walnuts ' 1,050 


3,058 










Total 7,230 1,250.40 


26. 33 


164.58 


270. 92 


786. 74 


28.16 


39.50 


6,695 


45a 


Feces (water- free) 164.06 


142. 14 

1,108.26 

88.60 


6.36 
19.97 
75.85 


39.73 
124. 85 
75.85 


41.25 
229. 67 
84.79 


48.81 
737. 93 
93.80 


12. 35 

15.81 
56.12 


21.92 
17.58 
44.52 


' 930 
5,765 




Per cent digested 


84.85 
156 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 
















5,609 




Per cent of energy 




i 






| 


83.78 














i 





During this experiment the subject eliminated 2,790 grams urine, 
containing 0.611 per cent or 17.97 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
6.58 grams; outgo in urine 1.49 grams and in feces 1.59 grams; 
indicating a loss of 0.50 gram nitrogen, corresponding to 3.13 grams 
protein. 

1453— No. 132—03 4 



50 



As above noted, only six meals were taken during this test — on the 
first day, one; on the second day and third day, two meals each; and 
on the fourth day, one meal. 

The subject noticed that the diet used was monotonous, and that 
he did not look forward to mealtime with anj degree of pleasur- 
able anticipation. He also observed that while his general health 
remained good, when running up hill his legs became weak before 
reaching the top, which did not happen when using a diet of cereals, 
legumes, fruit, and nuts. Undoubtedly the loss of weight would 
have been much less and more meals would have been taken during 
the experiment had the subject been able tp eat the food with more 
relish. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 397. 

Kind of food. — Apples and walnuts. 

Subject. — C. P. H. 

Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 63.1 
kilograms (139 pounds), and at the close of the experiment, 61.9 kilo- 
grams (136.5 pounds). 

Duration. — Four daj^s, with nine meals, beginning with breakfast 
December 26, 1901. 

Table 32. — Results of digestion experiment No. 397. 









Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 




Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


pie j Kind of food. of ma- 
No. : i terial. 

i 


Fat. 


. Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


209a 
223a 


Apples i 


Grams. 
4,593 
1,589 


Grams. , GTrams. 
467.56 3.89 
592.23 24.74 


Grams. 
24. 34 
154. 60 


Gh'ams. 
24. 80 
£96. 0J 


Grams. 
375. 70 
29. fc7 


Grams. 
42. 72 
11.76 


Oram*. 

11.02 
12.08 


Calories. 
2, 100 
4,599 








Total 


6,182 


1,059.79 j 28.63 


178. 94 


420.80 S 405.57 


54. 48 


23. 10 


6,699 


53a 


Feces (water-free) 


215. 45 


183. 24 
876. 55 
82.72 


10.75 
17.88 
62.46 


67.18 
111. 76 
62. 46 


70.49 1 33.66 
350.31 I 371.91 
83.25 i 91.70 


11.91 
42. 57 
78.14 


32. 21 


1,276 
5, 423 








80.95 








140 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 
















5, 283 




Per cent of energy 















lb. 86 




| 











During this experiment the subject eliminated 4,024 grams urine, 
containing 0.450 per cent or 18.14 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
7.18 grains; outgo in urine 4.53 grams, and in feces 2.69 grams; 
indicating a loss of 0.04 grain nitrogen, corresponding to 0.25 gram 
protein. 

The subject stated that he did not find this diet as sustaining as 
when bananas were used in the place of apples. Usually two meals 
sufficed for the day's need, but on the second day of the experiment 



51 

he felt the necessity of a third meal, which was eaten about 7 p. m. 
In this instance the physiological results are entirely in accord with 
data of the test. The diet furnished only a small amount of nutri- 
ment, and as a natural consequence the subject felt weak and unable 
to perform his usual gymnastic exercises or to take his accustomed 
long walk. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 399. 



Kind of food. — Apples and almonds. 

Subject.— C. P. H. 

Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 63.7 
kilograms (140.5 pounds), and at the close, 61.9 kilograms (136.5 
pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with eight meals, beginning with breakfast 
Janua^ 6, 1902. 

Table 33. — Results of digestion experiment No. S99. 



Sam- 
ple 

No. 






Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Kind of food. of ma- 
terial. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


209a 

249 


Apples 

Almonds 

Total 

Feces (water-free ) 
Amount digested. 


Grams. 

5,840 

851 


Grams. 
594. 50 
789. 69 


Grams. 
5.04 
23.53 


Grams. 
30.95 
147. 04 


Grams. Grams. 
31.53 1 477.70 
462.10 1 158.60 


Grams. 
54. 32 
21.95 


Grams. 
14.02 
23.66 


Calories. 
2,683 
5,883 




6,691 1,384.19 j 28.57 


177. 99 


493.63 636.30 


76.27 


37.68 


8,566 


61a 


162. 48 
6, 528. 52 


144. 10 

1, 240. 10 

89.61 


7.29 
21.2$ 

74.48 


45. 56 
132. 43 
74.41 


58.00 
435. 63 
88. 23 


26. 45 
609. 85 
95. 85 


14.09 
62.18 
81. 53 


18.38 
19.30 
51.22 


1,018 
7,548 
88.11 






165 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 


















7,383 




Per cent of energy 










1 





86.18 












1 


1 





During this experiment the subject eliminated 5,125 grams urine, 
containing 0.399 per cent or 20.45 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
7.11; outgo in urine 5.11 grams, and in feces 1.82 grams; indicating 
a gain of 0.21 gram nitrogen, corresponding to 1.31 grams protein. 

The subject drank no water during this experiment and although 
apples are quite succulent and supply considerable water, the lack of 
it as a beverage may tend to account to some extent for the loss of 4 
pounds in bod}^ weight. The fact that there was such a decrease 
in weight combined with a' slight increase in protein would seem to 
warrant such a conclusion. 

The subject found himself becoming steadily weaker as the experi- 
ment continued. He omitted much of his usual exercise and consider- 
ably shortened his daily walk. 



52 



DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 400. 

Kind of food. — Apples, bananas, walnuts. 

Subject.— C. P. H. 

Weight {with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 64 kilo- 
grams (141 pounds), and at the close, 61.2 kilograms (141.5 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with eight meals, beginning with breakfast 
January 14, 1902. 

Table 34. — Results of digestion experiment No. 400. 



Sam- 
ple 

No. 


Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 






Grams. 
3,968 
4,196 
1,531 


Grams. 
403. 97 
583.24 
570.60 


Gh'ams. 
3.36 
6.78 
23.84 


Grams. 
21. 04 
42.38 

148. 97 


Grams. 

21.43 

6.29 

381. 52 


Grams. 
324. 60 
520. 72 

28.78 


Grams. 
36.90 
13.85 
11.33 


Grams. 
9.52 
21.40 
11.63 


Calories. 
1,820 
2 470 


212a 




223a 




4,441 




Total 

Feces (water-free) 




9,695 


1, 557. 81 


33.98 


212. 39 


409. 24 


874. 10 


62.08 


42.55 


8,731 


65a 


176.47 


151. 23 

1, 406. 58 

90.30 


8.63 
25.35 
74.61 


53.91 
158.48 
74.61 


40.28 
368. 96 
90.15 


48.14 
825.96 
94.48 


8.90 
53.18 
85.66 


25.24 
17.31 
40.68 


1,006 

7, 725 




Per cent digested. 




88.47 
198 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 


















7,527 




Per cent of energy 


















86.20 























During this experiment the subject eliminated 3,350 grams urine, 
containing 0.575 per cent or 19.30 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
8.51 grams; outgo in urine 4.82 grams, and in feces 2.16 grams; 
indicating a gain of 1.53 grams nitrogen or 9.56 grams protein. 

The bananas were sliced and cooked to a mush without adding water 
or salt. They were found to be more palatable than when eaten either 
raw or toasted. 

This test was much more satisfactory than the previous one in many 
ways. The weight was slightly increased and there was an appre- 
ciable gain in protein. The subject remained in good physical con- 
dition during the entire experimental period, exercising and taking 
long walks. On the second day he ran almost a mile in six minutes, 
and remarked that he could have kept up the exercise longer. He 
also performed considerable mental work during the four-day experi- 
ment, writing as late as midnight on two occasions. 



53 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 402. 

Kind of food. — Apples, bananas, almonds. 

Subject.— C. P. H. 

Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning and end of the experiment, 
64.2 kilograms (141.5 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with eight meals, beginning with breakfast 
January 21, 1902. 

Table 35. — Results of digestion experiment No. 402. 





Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Sam- 
ple 
No. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


209a 
212a 
249 


Apples 


Grams. 
3,515 
3,572 
1,333 


Grams. 

357. 81 

496. 52 

1, 236. 98 


Grams. 
2.98 
5.77 
36. 85 


Grams. 
18. 63 
36.07 

230.32 


Grams. 

18.98 

5.36 

723. 80 


Grams. 
287. 51 
443. 30 
248.47 


Grams. 
32.69 
11.79 
34.39 


Grams. 
8.44 
18. 22 
37.06 


Calories 
1,612 
2, 100 




9,199 








Total 

Feces (water-free) 
Amount digested. 
Per cent digested. 


8,420 


2,091.31 


45.60 


285. 02 


748. 14 


979. 28 


78.87 


63.72 


12, 911 


73a 


205. 35 


177. 81 

1, 913. 50 

91.51 


9.16 
36.44 
79.93 


57.20 
227. 82 
79.93 


61.09 
687. 05 
91.84 


46.56 
932. 72 
95.24 


12. 96 
65.91 

83.57 


27. 54 
36.18 

57. 25 


1,244 
11,667 






90.36 






285 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 


















11,382 

88.15 




Per cent of energy 









































During this experiment the subject eliminated 4,253 grams urine, 
containing 0.469 per cent or 19.97 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
11.41 grams; outgo in urine 4.94 grams, and in feces 2.29 grams; indi- 
cating a gain of 4.13 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 25.81 grams 
protein. 

The diet of apples, bananas, and almonds was eaten with consider- 
able relish. The subject believed that he could, if necessary, main- 
tain his condition on this diet; but for the sake of variety he felt that 
it would be well to add food made from cereals and relishes, such as 
honey, etc. On such a diet he believed he could perform heavy man- 
ual labor. During the study he exercised a great deal every clay, and 
was also occupied with considerable mental work. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 404. 



Kind of food. — Apples, bananas, and Brazil nuts. 

Subject.— C. P. H. 

Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 64 
kilograms (141 pounds), and at the close 63.5 kilograms (140 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days with eight meals, beginning with breakfast 
January 28, 1902. 



54 



Table 36. — Result* of di,</e,x/iov crpenment No. 404. 





Kind Of EpOd. 


Weight 

Of m.'i 

terial, 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro 

gen. 


Pro 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Eeatof 
combus- 
tion, 


pie 

No. 


Sugar, 
starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


209a 




Grams, 
5,840 
8,874 

1,021 


Grama. 
594.50 
468. 97 
469. 45 


Grama. 
4.96 

5. 45 
II.'.)'.) 


Grama. 
30. 95 
84.08 

93. 72 


Grama. 

81.53 

5. 06 

884.08 


annus. 
477.70 
418. 70 
19.70 


Grama. 
54.82 
LI. 18 

21.95 


Grama. 
14.02 
17.21 

13.78 


< '(dories. 
2, 079 


•212)1 
254a 


Bananas 

Brazil nuts 

Total 

Feces ( water-free) 


1,980 

3, 897 




10,285 


1, 532. 92 


25. 40 


158.75 


370. 07 


916.10 


87.40 


45.01 


8,502 


81a 


182.31 


152.88 

1 , 880. ()'.) 

90.04 


6.27 

1'.). L8 
75. 84 


39.12 
119.68 

75. 84 


31. 59 
889.08 
91.47 


G4. 31 

851 . 79 
92. 98 


17.81 
69. 59 

79. 02 


29. 48 
15.53 
84.51 


998 

7, 50 1 




Per ceni digested. 




88. 81 

150 




Energy oi food 

oxidized in flic 

body 


















7,414 




Per cent of energy 
utilized 


















80. 01 

























During this experiment the subject eliminated 4,807 grams mine, 
containing 0.464 per cent or 22.29 grains nitrogen. The average nitro- 
gen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 6.37 
grams; outgo in urine 5.57 grams, and in feces L.57 grams; indicating 
a, loss of o.T7 gram nitrogen, corresponding to 4.<si grams protein. 

If appears from the above results that although the subject consid- 
ered this diet pleasing and appetizing he did not partake of the bananas 
and Brazil nuts quite so freely as he did of bananas and almonds in 
the previous combination. There was a constant craving for greater 
Variety and especially for cereals and vegetables. The general health 
of the subject continued excellent throughout the experimental period. 

DIGESTION EXPEBIMENT NO. 407. 

Kind of food. — Apples, bananas, pecans. 
Subject.— Q. P. II. 

Weight (with clothe*). — At the commencement and close of the 
experiment 63.5 kilograms (140 pounds). 

Duration. Four days with eight meals, beginning with breakfast 

February I, L902. 





Table :?7.- 


— ResulU of digestion ccpcr'nnnd No. /fOl. 








Kind or I' l 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Beat of 
combus 

(ion. 


pie 

No. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


209a 




U'nivis. 
1, III) 

1,818 
458 


Grama. 

US. 10 

669.68 
426.52 


Grama. 
8.48 

7. 79 
LI. 85 


Grama. 
21.78 

IS. (ill 

To. 99 


Grama. 

22. 20 

7.22 

824.00 


Grama. 
386.20 

1.07. 00 
17.17 


(h-inns. 
38. 22 
15.90 
l L. 86 


dnniis. 
9. SO 
24.57 
7. 02 


Calorics. 
1 , ss 1 


212a 




2,886 


2:?: 5 




8,553 




Total 

Feces! water free) 
Amount digested. 
Per cent digested. 
Energy of urine 






9, 881 


1,514.60 


22. 62 


141. 43 


353. 42 


951.27 


(i8. 48 


41.45 


8, 271 


98a 


173. 80 


149.28 

L, 865. 32 

90, L5 


0.91 

IS. 71 

69. 46 


43.18 

OS. 2:. 

69. io 


41.71 
311.71 

SS. 10 


54.91 
890. 86 
91.21 


9.48 
59.00 
86. 10 


24. 52 

10.93 

40.86 


981 
7, 290 

SS. 13 






123 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 
body 














■ 




7,167 




ivi centof energy 
utilized 


















86.65 








1 

















55 



During this experiment the subject eliminated 4,776 grams urine, 
containing 0.607 per cent or 29.02 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
5.68 grams; outgo in urine 7.25 grams, and in feces 1.73 grams; 
indicating a loss of 3.30 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 20.63 grams 
protein. 

From the above results it appears that the diet during this test was 
less sustaining than that used in experiment No. 404. The subject had 
been suffering from a slight laxative condition, which quickly disap- 
peared upon the present diet. The general impression is that fruits 
are more or less of a cure for constipation, but in the case of this sub- 
ject the combination of fruit and nuts had the opposite effect. 

The subject during this test again felt a craving for some kind of 
cereal food, but maintained his usual good health and spirits, notwith- 
standing the loss of body protein. Had the experiment lasted for 
eight or ten days this probably would not have been the case. 

DICESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 408. 

Kind of food.— Apples, bananas, pecans, and granose. 

Subject.— Q. P. H. 

Weiglit (with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 64.6 
kilograms (142.5 pounds), and at the close, 64.2 kilograms (141.5 
pounds). 

Duratum. — Four days, with eight meals, beginning with breakfast 
February 11, 1902. 

Table 38. — Result* of digestion experiment No. 40$. 



Sam- 
ple 

No. 


Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


209a 




< It'll HIS. 

568 

2,042 

340 

992 


Grams. 
57. 82 
283. 82 
320. 10 
874. 74 


Grams. 
0.48 
3.30 
8.52 
17.37 


Grams. 
3.01 
20.62 
53.28 

108. 52 


Grams. 
3.07 
3.06 

243. 15 
10. 22 


Grams. 

46.46 
253. 40 

12.89 
737. 95 


Grams. 
5. 28 
6.74 
10.78 

> 18. 05 


Grams. 
1.36 
10.41 
5.27 
22.42 


Calories. 
260 


212a 




1,203 
2, 663 
3, 887 


233 




243 






Total 

Feces (water-free) 




3,942 


1,536.48 


29. 67 


185.43 | 259.50 


1,050.70 


40. 85 


39.46 


8,013 


97a 


204. 50 


225. 35 

1,311.13 

85. 34 


10.64 
19.03 
64.16 


66.49 
118. 94 
64.16 


48.16 
211. 34 
81.45 


83.68 
967. 02 
92. 04 


27. 02 
13.83 
33.86 


39.15 
0.31 


1,374 
6, 639 








82. 88 








149 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 
















6,490 




Per cent of energy 


| 












81.02 




1 












During this experiment the subject eliminated 3,209 grams urine, 
containing 0.980 per cent or 31.43 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
7.42 grams; outgo in urine 7.86 grams, and in feces 2.66 grams; indi- 
cating a loss of 3.10 grams, corresponding to 19.38 grams protein. 



56 

A thick pudding- was made of the bananas cooked in their own juice 
with the addition of granose. This dish the subject declared to be 
very palatable and satisfying. The apples were eaten either baked or 
stewed. The subject considered this diet very palatable and did not 
crave any other foods. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 409. 

Kind of food. — Oranges, bananas, pecans. 
Subject.— C. P. H. 

Weight (with cloth?*). — At the beginning of the experiment. 64.9 
kilograms (143 pounds i. and at the close. '34. 2 kilograms (141.5 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with eight meals, beginning with breakfast 
February IS. 1903. 

Table 39. — Results of digestion experiment No. 409. 

Carbohydrates. 

Sam- ighfc Total WitH . p_, Heat of 

Kind of food. of ma- organic „ .„ £^ Far. Sugar. Ash. combus- 

Nc terial. matter. &eu - iem - starch. F: tion. 

etc. 

Grar- - Trams. Grams. Grams. Gra m • : ; 

238a Oranges 2,381 22T7.S 3.57 22.38 3.10 191.90 10.48 | U.19 904 

212a Bananas 4.480 622.76 7.24 4-5.25 6.72 556.90 14.79 22. 85 2.638 

2S3 Pecans 567 533 -1 14.21 ?n- 40E .50 21.49 1" ' B " - 4.439 

Total 7.42S 1.3S4.43 25.02 | 156.48 (415.32 769.39 43.24 Ei 1,041 

101a Feees i, water-free ) 163.20 141.01 7.33 4-5. SO 41.69 43. U 10.41 22.19 

Amount digested 1.243.42 17.69 110.68 373.63 '_ 28 S2.83 20.64 7.141 

Per cent digested 89.82 I 70.70 70.72 89.96 94.41 ~- 48.13 88.80 

Energy of urine .. 138 

Energy of food I 

oxidized in the 

body 7.003 

Percentofeneig; 

utilized V. B7.12 

During this experiment the subject eliminated 6,006 gram- urine. 
containing 0.407 per cent or 24.46 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
6.i ; -:» grams: outgo in urine 6.11 grams, and in feces 1.83 grams: 
indicating a loss of 1.69 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 10.56 grains 
protein. 

It was noted by the subject that the diet used in this test was very 
*" weakening." It had been his custom to exercise an hour each day 
by climbing a steep hill, and to run part of the distance. This he 
could do without difficulty when on a diet which includes cereals, bat 
not on the diet used in the present test. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 41". 

Kind of food. — Oranges, banana-, pecan-, gray 
, S L—G. P. H. 

Weight (vrith clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment. *>4.2 kilo- 
gram- (141.5 pounds), and at the close, 63.7 kilogram- (140.5 pounds). 
rtion. — Four days, with eight meal-, beginning with breakfast 
February 25, 1902. 



Table 40. — Results of digestion experiment Xo. 410. 



Sam- 
ple 
No. 


Kind of food. 


Weight Total 
of ma- organic 
terial. matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Sugar. 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


212a 
238a 

23;; 
243 


Bananas 

Oranges 

Pecans 


| 

Grams. Grams. 

3,968 551.51 

1,418 I 135.71 

290 1 273.02 

880 ! 775.96 


Grams. 
6.41 
2.13 
7.27 
15.41 


Grams. 

40.07 
13.33 
45.44 
96.26 


Grams. 

5.95 

1.84 

207. 40 

9.06 


Grams. 
492. 40 
114. 30 
10.99 
654.62 


Grams. 

13.09 
6.24 
9.19 

16.02 


Grams. 

20. 24 
6.66 
4.50 

19.89 


Calorics. 

2,336 

582 

2,273 

3,444 




Total 

Feces (water-free) 
Amount digested . 
Percent digested. 






(•.,556 1,736.20 


31.22 


195. 10 


224.25 |l, 272. 31 


44.54 


51.29 


8,635 


105a 


229.88 


196. 74 

1,539.46 

88.67 


9.40 
21.82 
69.89 


58.75 
136. 37 
69.89 


39.86 
184.39 
82.23 


73.09 

1,199.22 

94. 26 


25. 04 
19.50 

43.78 


33. 15 
IS. 14 
35.37 


1,165 
7,470 
86.51 






171 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 



















7,299 




Per cent of energy 


















84. 53 








1 













During this experiment the subject eliminated 5.372 grams urine, 
containing 0.589 per cent or 31.63 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
7.81 grams; outgo in urine 7.91 grams, and in feces 2.35 grams; 
indicating a loss of 2.15 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 15.31 grams 
protein. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 111. 

Kind of food. — Oranges, dried prunes, walnuts. 

Subject— C. P. H. 

Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning of experiment, 65. S kilo- 
grams (115 pounds), and at the close, 61.0 kilograms (111 pounds). 

Duration. — Three days, with six meals, beginning with breakfast 
March 4, 1902, 

Table 41. — Results c ' digestion experiment No. 411- 



Sam- 


Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Her.t of 

combus- 
tion. 


Sugar, 

starch, Fiber. 
etc. 1 


238a 




Grams. 
1.532 
1, 587 


Grams. 
146. 62 
952. 81 


Grams. Grams. 
2.30 ': 14.40 
5. 69 ! 35. 55 
21 . 61 1 35. 06 


Grams. 
1.99 

8. 25 
345. 90 


Grams. Grams. 
123. 49 6. 74 
886.00 23.01 
26. 09 10. 27 


Grams. 
7. 20 
37.93 
10.55 


Calories. 
62S 


256a 




3,990 


223a 


Walnuts 


1,388 


51 7. 32 


4,021 










Total 


4,507 1,616.75 


29.60 185.01 1 356.14 


1,035.58 40.02 j 55.68 


8,639 


108a 


Feces (water-free i 
Amount digested. 


117.41 


104. 51 

1, 512. 24 

93. 53 


4.92 30.76 
24. 68 1.54. 25 

83. 38 83. 38 


41.51 
314. 63 
88. 34 


25.79 6.45 j 12.90 

1.009.79 33.57 42.78 

97.48 83.89 | 76.85 


709 
7,930 
91.80 






193 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 














Per cent of energy 










89.58 











During this experiment the subject eliminated 2.195 grams urine, 
containing 0.657 per cent or 11.12 grams nitrogen. The average 



- 58 

nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
9.87 grams; outgo in urine 4.81 grams, and in feces 1.64 grams; 
indicating a gain of 3.42 grams nitrogen, or 21.38 grams protein. 

This experiment was originally planned as a four-day test, but 
owing to the laxative character of the diet, which the subject attrib- 
uted to the prunes, it was deemed advisable to shorten it to three 
days. The subject noted that while this diet did not make him ill, 
it did cause him to feel very weak. Had a smaller quantity of prunes 
been used, perhaps the results would have been different. 

Notwithstanding this intestinal trouble and loss of body weight, the 
results indicate an appreciable gain of body protein. This is more 
important than the loss of body weight, which was presumably due 
to the loss of fluids occasioned by the diarrhea. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 412. 

Kind of food. — Dates, olives (pickled ripe), walnuts. 

Subject— C. P. H. 

Weight {with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 63.5 
kilograms (140 pounds), and at the close, 64.4 kilograms (142 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with eight meals, beginning with breakfast 
March 11, 1902. 

Table 42. — Results of digestion experiment No. 412. 



Sam- 
ple 

No. 


Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc.. 


Fiber. 


37 




Grams. 

2,129 

908 

623 


Grams. 

1, 202. 88 

228. 88 

232. 14 


Grams. 
9.20 
2.96 

9.71 


Grams. 
57.48 
18.52 
60.62 


Grams. 

6.39 

169. 41 

155. 20 


Grams. 

1,094.30 

18. 52 

11.71 


Grams. 
44.71 
22. 43 
4.61 


Grams. 
27. 68 
38.40 
4.74 


Calories. 
4,957 


240a 




1,752 


223a 




1,800 




Total 

Feces (water-free) 
Amount digested. 






3,660 


1, 663. 90 


21. 87 


136. 62 


331. 00 


1,124.53 


71.75 


70.82 


8,509 


112a 


284. 76 


255. 35 

1,408.55 

84.71 


8.79 
13.08 
59.81 


54. 92 
81.70 
59.81 


71. 45 
259 55 
78.41 


108. 52 

1,016.01 

90.35 


20. 46 
51.29 
71.48 


29. 41 
41.41 
58.47 


1, 702 
6,807 
80.00 








102 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 


















6,705 




Per cent of energy 
















78.80 
















1 







During this experiment the subject eliminated 3,665 grams urine, 
containing 0.523 per cent or 19.15 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
5.47 grams; outgo in urine 4.79 grams, and in feces 2.20 grams; 
indicating a loss of 1.52 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 9.50 grams 
protein. 

The subject believed the combination of dates, olives, and nuts to be 
an ideal fruit diet for him; and his physical condition and the fact that 



59 

he increased his weight during- the experimental period showed that 
at least it agreed with him. In order, however, that the nitrogen 
equilibrium be maintained the proportion of nuts in the diet should 
have been increased. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 413. 

Kind of food. — Dates, olives, and almonds. 

Subject:— C. P. H. 

Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 64.4 
kilograms (142 pounds), and at the close, 64.0 kilograms (141 pounds). 

Duration. — Four da} T s, with eight meals, beginning with breakfast 
March 18, 1902. 

Table 43. — Results of digestion experiment No 413. 



Sam- 
ple 
No. 


Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


37 




Grams. 

2,494 

1,389 

312 


Grams. 

1,409.08 

350. 18 

289. 53 


Grams. 
10.78 
4.53 
8.63 


Grams. 
67.33 
28.33 
53.92 


Grams. 

7.48 

259. 20 

169. 40 


Grams. 

1,281.90 
28.34 
58.16 


Grams. 
52. 37 
34.31 
8.05 


Grams. 
32.42 

58.75 
8.67 


Calories. 
5,814 


240a 




2,681 


249 




2,159 




Total 

Feces (water-free) 
Amount digested . 
Per cent digested. 






4,195 


2, 048. 79 


23.94 


149. 58 


436. 08 


1,368.40 


94.73 


99.84 


10, 654 


116a 


282. 50 


252. 53 
1,796.26 

87.68 


8.18 
15.76 
65.84 


51.17 
98.41 

65.80 


73.17 
362. 91 
83.22 


107. 66 

1, 260. 74 

92.14 


20.53 
74.20 

78. 34 


• 29.97 
69.87 
69.98 


1,747 
8,907 






83.60 
123 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 


















8,784 




Per cent of energy 


















8''. 45 


















1 





During this experiment the subject eliminated 4,156 grams urine, 
containing 0.577 per cent or 23.97 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
5.98 grams; outgo in urine 5.99 grams, and in feces 2.05 grams; indi- 
cating a loss of 2.06 grams nitrog'en, corresponding to 12.88 grams 
protein. 

The subject seemed to relish the diet. The only criticism made was 
that for a longer period the diet would have been greatty improved 
by the addition of some cereal food. If the kind of food was 
unchanged more nuts would have been required to maintain nitrogen 
equilibrium. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 414. 

Kind of food. — Dates, olives (pickled ripe), almonds, granose. 

Subject.— C. P. H. 

Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 63.5 
kilograms (140 pounds), and at the close, 64.6 kilograms (142.5 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with eight meals, beginning with breakfast 
March 25, 1902. 



60 



Table 44. — Results of digestion experiment No. 414- 



Sam- 
ple 

No. 


Kind of food. 


(Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


37 




Grams. 

1,502 

340 

566 

680 


Grams. 
848. 61 
315. 51 
142. 69 
144. 35 


Grams. 
6.49 
9.40 
1.85 
11.90 


Grams. 
40.56 
58.76 
11.55 
74.39 


Grams. 

4.51 
184.60 
105. 61 

7.00 


Grams. 
772. 00 
63.38 
11.55 
50.58 


Grams. 
31.54 
8.77 
13.98 
12. 38 


Grams. 
19.53 
9.45 
23.94 
15.37 


Calories. 
3,499 


•249 




2, 347 


240a 




1,095 


243 




2, 663 




Total 

Feces (water- free) 




3,088 


1,451.16 


29. 64 


185. 26 


301. 72 


897. 51 


66.67 


68.29 


9,604 


120a 


283. 34 


252. 98 

1,192.18 

82. 15 


8.96 
20.68 
69.77 


56.03 
129. 23 
69.76 


75.20 
226. 52 
75. 08 


97.37 
800. 14 
89. 15 


24.38 
42.29 
63.42 


30.36 
37.93 
55.54 


1,674 
7,930 








82. 59 








162 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 


















7,768 




Per cent of energy 


















80.89 

























During this experiment the s 
containing 0.657 per cent or 
nitrogen balance per day was 
7.41 grains; outgo in urine 5 
indicating a loss of 0.47 gram 
protein. 

The subject was well pleased 
but stated that he would have r 
tables or some ripe, fresh fruit 



ubject eliminated 3,431 grams urine, 
22.56 grams nitrogen. The average 
therefore as follows: Income in food 
.64 grams, and in feces 2.24 grams; 
nitrogen, corresponding to 2.94 grams 

with the diet used in this experiment, 
dished occasionally a few green vege- 
in addition. 



DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 415. 

Kind of food. — Gofio a (a parched cereal preparation). 

Subject.— C. P. H. 

Weight {with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 64.0 
kilograms (141 pounds), and at the close, 63.1 kilograms (139 pounds). 

Duration. — Three days, with seven meals, beginning with break- 
fast April 1, 1902. 

Table 45. — Results of digestion experiment No. 415. 





Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 






Carbohydrates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


pie 

No. 


5£ >*■ 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


246 


Gofio (a parched 
cereal prepara- 


Grams. 
1,305 


drains. 
1,190.39 


Grams. 
26.87 


Grams. 
167. 94 


Grams. 
36.80 


Grams. 
919. 10 


Grams. 
66. 55 


Grams. 

31.45 

14. 28 
17.17 
54.60 


Calories. 
5,414 




Feoes (water-free) 




122a 


137. 30 


123. 02 

1, 067. 37 

89. 66 


6.51 
20.36 

75.77 


40. 72 
127. 22 

75. 77 


10.58 
26.22 
71.25 


52. 66 
866. 44 
94.27 


19.06 
47.49 
71.36 


672 
4,742 








87.59 








159 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 


















4, 583 




Percent of energy 


















84.64 

























a See description of samples No. 246, p. 8. 



61 



During this experiment the subject eliminated 2,87 % J grams urine, 
containing 0.601 per cent or 17.26 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 8.95 
grams; outgo in urine 5.75 grams, and in feces 2.17 grams; indicating 
a gain of 1.03 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 6.11 grams protein. 

As previously stated, gofio is a mixture of cereals roasted and 
ground, which is quite commonly eaten in the Canary Islands. 

A diet consisting of only one article of food — and an unpalatable 
Qne at that — can not be satisfying, and it is natural that the subject 
experienced some difficulty in carrying out the experiment. The 
nitrogen equilibrium, however, was more than maintained, although 
there was a decrease of 2 pounds in the body weight. During the 
experimental period the subject worked a long time each day at 
gardening. 

DISCUSSION OF DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITH SUBJECT C. P. H. 

The results obtained in the digestion experiments with subject 
C. P. H. are summarized below, Table 46 showing the weight and 
composition of the food eaten per day, Table 47 the percentages 
digested, and Table 18 the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen 
during the periods covered b}^ the digestion experiments. 

Table 46. — Weight and composition of food per man per day. (l 



Ex- 


Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbohyd rates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


peri- 
ment 
No. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Crude 
fiber. 


391 




Grams. 
2,173 

1,885 


Grams. 
302. 09 

356. 8fi 


Grams. 
3.51 

6.18 

6.58 

7.16 

7.13 

8.50 

11.41 

6.35 

5.66 

7.42 
6. 26 
7.80 
9.87 
5.47 
5.98 
7.41 


Grams. 
21.95 

38.60 

41. 14 


Grams. 
3.26 

67.95 

67.73 


Grams. 
269. 71 

241. 39 

196.69 

101. 39 

159. 08 

218. 52 

244. 82 

229. 02 

237. 82 

262. 67 
192.35 
318. 08 
345. 19 
281.13 
342. 10 
224.38 


Grams. \ Grams. 
7.17 J 11.08 

8.92 i 12.34 

7.04 9.88 

13.62 5.77 

19.07 1 9.42 


Calories. 
1,160 


392 


Bananas and al- 


1,601 
1,402 


395 


Bananas and wal- 


1,808 312.60 
1,546 2R4.95 


397 


Apples and wal- 


44.74 


"•05.20 


1,322 


399 


Apples and al- 


1,673 




346. 06 


44.50 ■ 123.41 


1,844 


400 
402 
404 
407 

408 


Apples, bananas, 

and walnuts 

Apples, bananas, 

and almonds . . . 
Apples, bananas, 

and Brazil nuts. 
Apples, bananas, 

and pecans 

Apples, bananas, 

pecans, and 


2,424 
2,105 
2,559 
2,345 

1,011 
1,857 
1,639 
1, 502 

915 
1,049 

772 


389. 45 
522. 83 
383. 23 
378. 65 * 

384.11 
346.11 
434. 06 
538. 91 
415.97 
512. 19 
362. 79 


53. 10 
71. 25 
39. 69 
35.36 

46.36 
39. 12 
48.78 
61.67 
34. 15 
37.39 
46.31 


102. 31 
1S7. 04 
92.67 
88. 35 

64.87 
103. 83 

56.06 
118.71 

82. 75 
109. 02 

75.43 


15.52 
19. 72 
21.85 
17. 12 

10. 21 

10.81 
11.14 
13.34 
17.94 
23. 68 
16.67 


10.64 
15. 93 
11.25 
10.36 

9.86 
10.71 
12. 82 
18.56 
17.70 
24.96 


1,882 
2,845 
1,854 
1,792 

1,623 

1,751 

■ 
1,825 

2,579 

1,676 

2. 196 


409 
410 
411 
412 
413 


Oranges, bananas, 

and pecans 

Oranges, bananas, 

pecans, granose. 
Oranges, prunes, 

walnuts 

Dates, olives, 

walnuts 

Dates, olives, al- 


414 


Dates, olives, al- 
monds, granose . 

Average of 
16 experi- 
ments 


17.07 j 1,942 




1,704 


390. 67 


7.04 


44.01 


90.56 


241; 52 


14.48 


613.77 


1,831 



« With the exception of Nos. 391 and 411, representing averages of three-day trials, the figures per 
day represent the averages of four-day tests. 
t> Ash of Nos. 397 and 408 not included in average. 



62 



Table 47. — Summary of digestion experiments. 



Kind of food. 



Bananas 

Bananas and almonds 

Bananas and walnuts 

Apples and walnuts 

Apples and almonds 

Apples, bananas, and walnuts 

Apples, bananas, and almonds . . . 
Apples, bananas, and Brazil nuts. 

Apples, bananas, and pecans 

Apples, bananas, pecans, granose. 

Oranges, bananas, pecans 

Bananas, oranges, pecans, granose 

Oranges, prunes and walnuts 

Dates, olives, and walnuts 

Dates, olives, and almonds 

Dates, almonds, olives, and gra- 
nose 

Average of 16 experiments. . 



Total 
organic 



Per ct. 
94.46 
89.91 



82.72 
89.61 
90.30 
91.51 
90.04 
90.15 
85.34 
89. 82 
88.67 
93.53 
84.71 
87.68 



Per ct. 
76.04 
70.00 
75.85 
62. 46 
74.41 



75.34 
69.46 
64.16 



59.81 
65. 84 



Per ct. 
18. 92 
84.70 
84.79 
83.25 
88. 23 
90.15 
91.84 
91.47 
88.19 
81. 45 
»9.96 
82. 23 
88.34 
78.41 
83. 22 

75.08 



Carbohydrates. 



Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 



Per ct. 
97.01 
95. 13 
93.80 
91.70 
95.85 
94.48 
95.24 
92.98 
94.24 
92.04 
94.40 
94. 26 
97.48 
90. 35 
92.14 

89.15 



Per ct. 
89.40 
76.59 
56.12 
78.14 
81.53 
85.66 
83.57 
79.62 
86.16 
33.86 
75.93 
43.78 
83.89 
71.48 
78.34 

63.42 



Heat of 
com- 
bus- 
tion. 



Per ct. 

78.38 
42. 19 
44.52 



51.22 
40.68 
57.25 
34.51 
40.85 



48.19 
35.37 
76.85 
58.47 



Per ct. 
90.66 
85.73 
83.78 
78.86 
86.18 
86.20 
88.15 
86.61 
86.65 
81. 02 
87.12 
84.53 
89.58 
78.79 
82.45 



u Average of 14 experiments. 
Table 48. — Income and outgo of nitrogen. 



Nitrogen. 



In urine. 


In feces. 


Grams. 


Grams. 


12.03 


2.53 


4.01 


.84 


20.73 


7.42 


5.18 


1.86 


17.97 


6.36 


4.49 


1.59 


18.14 


10.75 


4.53 


2.69 


20.45 


7.29 


5.11 


1.82 


19.30 


8.63 


4.82 


2.16 


19.97 


9.15 


4.99 


2.29 


22. 29 


6.27 


5.57 


1.57 


29.02 


6.91 


7.25 


1.73 


31.43 


10.64 


7.86 


2.66 


24. 46 


7.33 


6. 11 


1.83 


31.63 


9.40 


7.91 


2.35 


14. 37 


4.93 


4.79 


1.64 


19. 15 


8.78 


4.79 


2.20 


23. 97 


8. 19 


5.99 


2. 05 


22. 56 


8.96 


5.64 


2.24 


17.26 


(i. 52 


5.75 


2.17 



»(-). 



Bananas, whole period (3 days) 

Average for 1 day 

Bananas and almonds, whole period (4 days) 

Average for 1 day 

Bananas and walnuts, whole period (4 days) 

Average for 1 day 

Apples and walnuts, whole period (4 days) 

Average for 1 day 

Apples and almonds, whole period (4 days) 

Average for 1 day 

Apples, bananas, and walnuts, whole period (4 

days) 

Average for 1 day 

Apples, bananas, and almonds, whole period (4 



Average for 1 day 

Apples, bananas, and Brazil nuts, whole period 

(4 days) i 

Average for 1 day I 

Apples, bananas, and pecans, whole period (4 ! 

days) 

Average for 1 day , 

Apples, bananas, pecans, and granose, whole 

period ( 4 days ) 

Average for 1 day 

Oranges, bananas, and pecans, whole period (4 

days) 

Average for 1 day 

Oranges, bananas, pecans, and granose, whole 

period ( 4 days) 

Average for 1 day 

Oranges, prunes, and walnuts, whole period (3 

days) 

Average for 1 day 

Dates, olives, and walnuts, whole period (4 days) . 

Average for 1 day 

Dates, olives, and almonds, whole period (4 days) 

Average for 1 day 

Dates, olives, almonds, and granose, whole period 

(4 days) 

Average for 1 days 

Gofio (prepared cereal), whole period (3 days) — 
Average for 1 day 



Grams, 
10.53 

3.51 
24.71 

6.18 
26.33 

6.58 
28.63 

7.16 
28. 57 

7.14 

33.98 
8.49 

45.60 
11.40 

25.40 
6.35 

22. 62 
5.66 



25. 02 
6.25 



• 7.81 

29. 60 
9.87 

21.87 
5.47 

23. 94 



, y.s 



Grams. 

- 4.03 

- 1.34 
-- 3.44 

- .86 
+ 2.00 
H- .50 

- .26 

- .07 
+ .83 
+ .21 

+ 6.05 

+ 1.51 

+16.48 

+ 4.12 



-13.31 

- 3.33 

-12. 39 

- 3.10 

- 6.77 

- 1.69 

- 9.81 

- 2.45 

+ 10.30 
+ 3.43 

- 6.06 

- 1,52 

- 8.22 

- 2 06 

- 1.88 

- 47 
4- 3.09 

+■ 1 03 



63 

It appears that the minimum amount of food eaten per day was 
during experiment No. 391, in which the diet consisted exclusively of 
bananas. This furnished only 22 grams of protein and 1,160 calories 
of energy, and while, as was to be expected, there was a loss of body 
protein, it is somewhat surprising that the subject did not lose weight. 
This is presumably due to the large quantity of water ingested with 
the bananas. From Table 17 it is seen that the coefficients of diges- 
tibility in this experiment, for all the nutrients except fat, are very 
satisfactory and in each case considerably above the average for all 
the tests with the subject. The body utilized over 90 per cent of the 
energy supplied by the diet, the corresponding average for the 1G 
experiments being 81.76 per cent. This can perhaps be accounted 
for on the supposition that the body, having so little nitrogenous 
material at its disposal, was compelled to use all supplied to the utmost 
advantage, or the subject may have had some idiosyncrac}^ favorable 
to the digestion of bananas. 

The maximum food consumption during this series of experiments 
is noted for experiment No. 102, with a diet of apples, bananas, and 
almonds. During this experiment about three and a half times as 
much protein and energy were consumed as in experiment No. 391. 
In this case the maximum average daily gain of protein (1.13 grams) 
was also observed. It is of interest to note that during the two 
experiments, representing, respectively, the maximum and minimum 
amounts of food eaten, the body weight remained constant. The fact 
that 79.9 per cent of the protein was digested and 88.15 per cent of 
the energy was available indicates the high nutritive value of the 
"combination of apples, bananas, and almonds. 

The high digestibilty of the almond, as compared with walnuts, 
Brazil nuts, and pecans, is shown by a comparison of the results of 
experiments Nos. 399 and 102 with those of experiments Nos. 100, 
401, and 107. 

The coefficients of digestibility in experiment No. 397, where walnuts 
were used, are all lower than in No. 399, where almonds were eaten in 
place of walnuts. This is especially true of the protein and energy, 
the percentages being 62.56 and 78.87, and 71.18 and 86.17, respec- 
tively. In the other four experiments the combination of apples and 
bananas remained constant, while a change was made in the variety of 
the nut. In No. 102, where almonds were eaten, the coefficients are the 
highest, and in No. 107, in which pecans were used, the coefficients are 
the lowest. A reference to Table 16 shows that during experiment 
No. 107 the amount of protein furnished by the diet was but 35.36 
grams per day, the lowest reported for any of the experiments in 
question. Again it is of interest to note that, with the exception of 
experiment No. 100, the coefficient of digestibility of protein varied 
directly with the amount consumed per day during the four experi- 
mental periods. 



64 

The great difference between the quantities of food eaten during 
these four experiments may have arisen from several causes. It may 
be that the almonds were more palatable, and that this accounted for 
the increased consumption of food in No. 402; or possibly the diet 
became too monotonous during the fourth period (experiment No. 407), 
and therefore less fooi was eaten. On the other hand, it will be 
observed that the maximum amount of food ingested was not with 
experiment No. 400, the first of the series with apples and bananas 
with nuts, but during experiment No. 402, the second of the series, 
and that in the third experiment, No. 404, when Brazil nuts were 
used, there was a sudden drop of over 45 per cent in the protein and 
nearly 35 per cent in the energy in the diet. A comparison of exper- 
iments Nos. 412 and 413, in which there was an entirely different com- 
bination of fruits, also emphasizes the high digestibilhty of the almond, 
Notwithstanding the fact that almonds were used in experiment No. 
413, thus putting it at a disadvantage as regards the monoton}^ of the 
diet, the coefficients of digestibility of all the nutrients and energy are 
appreciably higher than in experiment No. 412. In view of these data 
the conclusion seems warranted that almonds possess a higher coeffi- 
cient of digestibility, at least for this subject, than do either walnuts, 
Brazil nuts, or pecans. 

The reason of the low coefficient of digestibility for protein in exper- 
iment No. 392, as noted earlier, is that the almonds eaten were ground 
to a paste and in this form did not agree with the subject, but caused 
indigestion. In view of this fact almonds were not compared with 
the other nuts in the foregoing discussion. 

It appears from the tables that the diet which resulted in the highest 
coefficients of digestibility furnished next to the highest protein and 
energy per day, and induced next to the highest net increase in body 
protein, was a combination of oranges, prunes, and walnuts. This 
dietary, however, was so laxative for the subject that the experiment 
had to be terminated at the end of the third da}^. 

The diet consisting of dates, olives, and walnuts, used in experiment 
No. 412, yielded the lowest coefficients of digestibility. 

While it appears from Table 47 that a combination of apples, 
bananas, and pecans (experiment No. 407) is as digestible as a diet of 
oranges, bananas, and pecans (experiment No. 409), a reference to 
Table 48, showing the income and outgo of nitrogen, indicates that in 
the latter case the loss of body protein is only about one-half that 
noted for the former. But it must be remembered that in experi- 
ment No. 409 about 25 per cent more pecans were eaten, thus sup- 
plying a notable increase in the daily protein as compared with 
experiment No. 407. 

Chemical analysis has shown that the apple contains very little pro- 
tein, and a study of the data in Table 47 would seem to indicate that, 



65 

for this subject at least, the quantity present has a very low coefficient 
of digestibility. The coefficient for the protein in a diet of bananas 
and walnuts was 75.85 per cent. When apples were substituted for 
bananas the coefficient was 62.56 per cent, and again when apples and 
bananas were used in combination with walnuts (experiment No. 400) 
the coefficient was 74.63. 

Comparing experiments Nos. 407 and 408 and Nos. 409 and 410 it 
would seem that the addition of granose to the diet lowered the coeffi- 
cients of digestibility of all the nutrients and the coefficient of availa- 
bility of the energy. In view of the relatively high coefficients of 
digestibility of foods like granose it is more than likely that the lower 
values observed were due to the granose interfering with the digestion 
of the nuts. 

The coefficients of availability of the gofio used in experiment No. 
415 compared very favorably with the averages obtained for the 16 
experiments with fruit and nuts with the same subject given in 
Table 47. 

Considering all the experiments, the average coefficient of digesti- 
bility of fat, 86.16 per cent, implies that the fat of the nuts possesses 
a high nutritive value. This average would be materially increased if 
experiment No. 391, showing the minimum 18.96 per cent, were not 
included in the calculation. The maximum digestibility, 91. 84 per cent, 
was noted for experiment No. 402, in which the diet consisted of 
bananas, apples, and almonds. 

The results given in Table 47 indicate that in every experiment the 
sugar and starch of the fruits and nuts were very well assimilated. The 
minimum, maximum, and average coefficients of digestibility for 
sugar, starch, etc., are 89.15 per cent, 97.48 per cent, and 93.73 per 
cent, respectively. The digestibility of the crude fiber ranged from 
19.71 per cent in experiment No. 388 to 89.41 per cent in experiment 
No. 411, and was on the average 74.36 per cent. The highest coeffi- 
cient of digestibility for the mineral matter (78.38 per cent) was noted 
in experiment No. 391, and the lowest (34.51 per cent) in experiment 
No. 404. 

As may be seen by reference to Table 48 there was a loss of body 
protein in eleven of the sixteen experiments. The average daily loss 
of nitrogen ranged from 0.04 gram (0.25 gram protein) in experi- 
ment No. 397 to 3.30 grams (20.63 grams protein) in experiment No. 
407. The maximum gain (4.12 grams) is reported for experiment No. 
402 and the minimum gain, 0.21 gram nitrogen, in experiment No. 399. 
It thus appears that in order to attain nitrogen equilibrium this subject 
required about 8 grams of nitrogen (50 grams protein) per day, when 
the daily food furnished not far from 1,800 calories of energy. It 
must be remembered, however, that much depends on the source and 
digestibility of the protein. In experiment No. 408 the daily diet of 

1453— No. 132—03—5 



apples, bananas, pecans, and granose furnished 7.42 grams of nitro- 
gen, which evidenth T was insufficient, as there was recorded an average 
daily loss of 3.1 grams nitrogen. Again, in experiment No. 407. with 
a diet of the same fruit and nuts but no granose, the daily income of 
nitrogen was 5.68 grams and the loss 3.3 grams. 

EXPERIMENTS WITH A. V. AND J. E. It. 

The digestion experiments made with the subjects A. V. and J. E. 
R. follow. Both were young men, university students, and in good 
health. Neither subject was used to a vegetarian or fruitarian diet, 
though A. Y. had been experimenting with such diets for a number 
of years. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 416. 

Kind of food. — Bananas, oranges, almonds. 

Subject. — A. Y. 

Weight {without clothes).- — At the beginning of the experiment 68.9 
kilograms (152 pounds), and at the close 69.4 kilograms (153 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast, 
Mav 5. 1902. 



Table 49. — Remits of digestion experiment Xo. 416. 



Sam- 
ple 
No. 


Kind of food. 


Weight 
of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Car boh > 


-drates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


212a 




Grams. 

7,081 

10, 474 

990 


Grams. 
984. 31 
976. 30 
918. 73 


Grams. 
11.44 
17.43 

27.37 


Grams. 

71.52 
108. 94 
171. 07 


Grams. 
10.62 
11.52 

537. 60 


Grams. 

878. 80 
810. 80 
184. 52 


Grams. 

23.37 

45. 04 
25. 54 


Grams. 
36.11 
49. 23 
27.52 


Calories. 
4,168 


236a 




4,181 


249 




6. 821 




Total 

Feces (water-free) 
Amount digested. 
Percent digested. 






IS. 545 


2, 879. 84 


56. 24 


351.53 


559. 74 


1. 874. 12 


93. 95 


112. 86 


15, 170 


126a 


386. 50 


333. 99 

2, 539. 35 

88.20 


14.91 
41.33 
73.51 


93. 16 
258. 37 
73.51 


91.45 
468. 29 
83.64 


127. 78 

1, 746. 34 

93.18 


21. 60 
72.35 
77.02 


52. 51 
60.35 
53.47 


2 227 

rl 943 

85. 26 

323 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 
















12. 620 




Per cent of energy 














83. 19 





















During this experiment the subject eliminated 6,191 grams urine, 
containing 0.69 per cent or 42.71 grams nitrogen. The average nitro- 
gen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 14.06 
grams; outgo in urine 10.68 grams, and in feces 3.73 grams; indicat- 
ing a loss of 0.35 gram nitrogen, corresponding to 2.19 grams protein. 

Owing to the larger consumption of nuts the protein supplied per 
day during this test was 30 per cent more than the daily protein aver- 
age for the same subject in dietary No. 363 (p. 29). The fuel values 
for the two studies (3,305 and 3,155 calories, respectively) show 



67 

a much closer agreement. In spite, however, of the comparatively 
larger quantity of protein consumed there was a slight loss of nitrogen, 
thus implying that this subject required between 15 and 10 grams per 
day, with about 3,300 calories of energy, in order to attain nitrogen 
equilibrium. The data recorded indicate that the body assimilated the 
food very thoroughly. 

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 117. 



Kind of food. — Bananas, dates, walnuts, with a small quantity of 
sugar. 

Subject.— J. E. R. 

Weight {with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment 76.7 
kilograms (169 pounds), and at the close 75.3 kilograms (166 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast 
May 6. 1909. 

Table 50. — Result* of digestion experiment No. 417. 



Sam- 
ple 
No. 


Weight 
Kind of food. of ma- 
terial. 


Total 
organic 
matter. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carboh} 


-drates. 


Ash. 


Heat of 
combus- 
tion. 


Sugar, 

starch, 

etc. 


Fiber. 


212a 


Grams. 


Grams. 
417. 68 
544. 66 
480. 71 
258.00 


Grams. 
4.86 
4.16 
20.08 


Grams. Grams. 

30.35 j 4.51 
26.03 2.89 
125.50 321.41 


Grams. 

372. 90 
495. 50 
24. 25 

258. 00 


9. 92 
20. 24 
9.55 


Grams. 
15. 24 
12. 53 

9.80 


Calories. 
1,768 


37 


Dates 964 


2, "50 


223a 
46 


Walnuts 1, 290 

Sugar 258 


' 989 
















Total 5, 517 


1,701.05 


29. 10 


181.88 | 328.81 


1,150.65 


39. 71 


37.57 


8.729 


130a 


Feces ( water-free ) 228. 67 

Amount digested 

Per cent digested 


205. 73 
1,495.32 

87.90 


8.86 

20. 24 
69. 56 


55.36 79.47 
126.52 249.34 

69. 56 75. 83 


1,088! 09 

94. 58 


8.34 

79.' 00 


22. 94 
14.63 
3,s. 94 


1,445 
7, 28,4 

83. 44 
15S 




Energy of food 
oxidized in the 
body 


7.126 




Per cent of energy 


81.64 























During this experiment the subject eliminated 2,225 grams urine, 
containing 1.40 per cent or 27.54 grams nitrogen. The average nitro- 
gen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 7.28 
grams; outgo in urine 6.89 grams, and in feces 2.21 grams; indi- 
cating a loss of 1.82 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 11.38 grams 
protein. 

This experiment was preceded by a preliminary period of three 
days, during which the subject followed the same diet as in the diges- 
tion experiment. During this time there was no appreciable loss of 
weight. The subject had to perform an unusual amount of hard work 
during the test proper, which accounts, in part at least, for the loss of 
weight experienced. Furthermore, he drank very little water. 



68 



DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 418. 

Kvnd of food. — Bananas, oranges, walnuts, with a small quantity of 

sugar. 

&ubject.-^J. E. R. 

Weight [with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment 75.3 
kilograms (166 pounds), and at the close 75.9 kilograms (167.5 pounds). 

Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast 
May 13. 1902. 

Table 51. — Results of digestion experiment No. 418. 



Carbohydrates. 



Sam- 
ple Kind of food. 
No. 



Weight Total 
of ma- organic 
terial. matter. 



Nitro- 
gen. 



Pro- 
tein. 



Mtgar. 

starch, 

etc. 



, Heat of 
Ash. combus- 
tion. 



Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. 

212a Bananas 2,438 33S. SS 3.93 24.62 

238a Oransres. navel... 4.051 387.93 6.09 38.11 

223a Walnuts 1.304 486.05 20.30 126.89 

46 Sugar 190 190. 00 



Grams. Grams. 

3. 60 302. 55 

5. 27 326. 70 

324.99 24.52 

190. 00 



Grams. 
8.05 



Grams. 
12. 43 
19.05 
9.91 



Calorics. 

1.434 

1.663 

3.7S4 

751 



Total 


7.9S6 1,402.86 


30. 82 


189. 62 


333. 92 


B43. 77 


35.55 


41.39 


7. 632 


Feces water-tree"' 
Amount digested. 
Per cent digested. 


232. 13 205. 4S 

1. 197. 38 

85, 35 


8.71 

21.61 
71. 2S 


54. 41 
135. 21 

71.31 


85. 98 

247. 99 
74. 26 


bo. $6 
787. 91 

93. 40 


9. 28 

26. 27 
73.90 


26. 64 

14. 75 
35. 64 


1.479 
6. 153 

SO. 63 
169 


Energy of food 
oxidized in the 
bodv 






-\ 984 


Per cent of eitergy 
utilized 




78.41 



During this experiment the subject eliminated 1.657 grams urine, 
containing 1.76 per cent or 29.16 grams nitrogen. The average 
nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 
7.5S grams: outgo in urine 7.29 grams, and in feces 2. IS grams; 
indicating a loss of 1.89 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 11.81 grams 
protein. 

The subject considered the diet of bananas, oranges, and walnuts 
more palatable than the previous one of bananas, dates, and walnuts, 
but a comparison of the results of the two tests does not indicate that 
the amount of nutrients eaten or assimilated was increased. 

In dietery study No. 36:2. p. 27. with the same subject, the daily 
diet furnished S5 grams protein and 2.937 calories of energy, amounts 
which are far in excess of the average values for the two experiments 
just reported. In no case was the amount to be eaten limited, but in 
the digestion experiments the diet was limited to two kinds of fruit 
and one of nuts, while in the dietary study the variety of fruits and 
nuts was larger, as may be seen by reference to Table 12. 

Considering this and the preceding experiment, the average daily 
income of protein. 46. H grams, was evidently below the limit of 
tolerance for this subject, in both experiments a loss occurred which 
was almost identical. It would appear, then, that the nitrogen limit 
of this subject was about 10 grams per day. when the diet furnished 
about 1,900 calories of energrv. 



p^ 



GENERAL SUMMARY OF DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. 

It is of interest to compare the average amount of nutrient- digested 
by the different subjects, as is done in Table 5^. which also includes 
the average re-ult- of a large number of test- with young men on a 
diet consisting of ordinary food materials, but in many cases supplying 
a large proportion of fat or carbohydrates a- compared with protein, 
and of a large number of tests with young men on an ordinary mixed 
diet. 

Table 52. — Summary of digestion experiments. 

Carbohyd: 

Energy 

l number of experin .-: its organic Protein. Fat. Sugar. 

matter. ber. able. 



Per eeatJ Per eenL PereL PereL Per cL PereL P 

Subject C. P. H., 16 experiments •- 71 ": "• ■ -:-. - ". 74.60 54.02 

Subject W.S.M. .11 experiments - 56.47 "• 

Subject J. E. R.. 2 experiments 86.74 70. 44 75. 05 04. 66 76. 58 37. 21 SO. 14 

Subject A. V.. 1 experiment 88.20 73.51 83.64 93.M 77 - ". 17 B.1S 

Average. 30 experiments 90.26 75. 30 36.41 -' j . "■ ', S4~7 : ; 

Average of 50 experiments with 

young men on diet of ordinary 

food materials supplying in many 
large proportions of fat or 

earbodydrates a • " Tt 

Average of 93 experiments with 

young men on ordinary diet & 37. H 



C :~. n. Stores Station Rpt. 1901 . p. 235. 
Station Rpt. 166 



The lowest coefficients of digestibility were found with subject 
J. E. R.. and the highest with subject W. S. M. The high coeffi- 
cients noted for the latter subject may be accounted for in part by the 
addition to the diet of small quantities of relishes, such as olive oil. 
tomatoes, and olives, which possibly increased the flow of digestive 
juices, or may be due to the fact that he had been longer accustomed 
to the diet. " , 

As will be seen from the figures in the above table, the average 
coefficients of digestibility of carbohydrates obtained for the fruits 
and nuts compare favorably with those quoted for a mixed diet. 

While coefficient- of digestibility can easily be calculated from the 
foregoing data for the several fruits and nuts alone, it seems unwise 
to do so at present. Later, when more data have accumulated, par- 
ticularly regarding the digestibility of fruits and nuts in a mixed 
diet, it should be possible to obtain coefficients of digestibility which 
will stand the test of criticism and be of practical use in determining 
the real nutritive value of dietaries containing such food-. 



70 

INCOME AND OUTGO OF NITROGEN. 

As will be seen by reference to the tables reporting the results of 
the individual tests, there was considerable variation in the income and 
outgo of nitrogen with the different subjects. Table 53 summarizes the 
data on this topic, recording the tests in which maximum and minimum 
gain or loss was noted, and also shows the energy in the several cases. 



Table 53. — Income and outgo of nitrogen — Summary of daily maxima and minima 
gains and losses. 



Exper- 
iment 
No. 



Nitrogen. 



In food. In urine. In feces, ^fj^ j + j 



Energy 

of daily 

diet. 



407 
397 
402 
399 



405 
394 
393 



SUBJECT C. P. H. (16 EXPERIMENTS). 

Maximum loss 

Minimum loss 

Maximum gain 

Minimum gain 

SUBJECT W. S. M. (11 EXPERIMENTS) 

Maximum loss 

Minimum loss 

Maximum gain 

Minimum gain 

SUBJECT J. E. R. (2 EXPERIMENTS). 

Maximum loss 

Minimum loss 

SUBJECT A. V. (1 EXPERIMENT). 

Loss 



Grams. 
5.66 



2. 20 
7.60 
15. 00 
8.62 



Grams. 
7.25 
4.53 



4.67 
5.84 
7.40 
5.59 



7.29 
6.89 



Grams. 
1.73 
2.69 
2.29 
1.82 



1.22 
1.81 
1.98 



2.18 
2.21 



Grams. 
-3.33 
- .04 
+4.12 

+ .21 



-3.69 
- .05 
+5.62 

+1.29 



Calories. 
3, 279 


2.768 
1,712 


2, 870 





2,544 
2,910 



As may be seen b}^ reference to the table, the daily excretion of 
nitrogen in the urine in these experiments with fruitarian or vegeta- 
rian diets was small. It must be remembered in this connection that 
under ordinary conditions the daily excretion of nitrogen in the urine 
depends mainly on the amount of nitrogen ingested in the food and 
not on the nature of the diet, and in these tests the amount of protein 
in the food eaten per day was small. 

It appears that for subjects W. S. M. and C. P. H. the minimum 
daily losses (0.01 gram and 0.05 gram) are reported for the experi- 
ments where the nitrogen ingested is 7.18 grams and 7.60 grams, 
respectively, thus implying' that to attain nitrogen equilibrium, with 
the same amount of energy as was furnished by the diet studied, these 
subjects should receive at least 8 grams of nitrogen per day. The 
loss of nearly 2 grams of nitrogen per da}- , experienced by subject J. 
E. R. in the two experiments with an income of 7 to 8 grams per day, 
would seem to indicate that, at least in a fruitarian diet with the same 
amount of energ} T , the nitrogen required daily would be about 10 
grams. 

The comparatively large daity income of nitrogen (11.06 grams) 
reported for subject A. V. was insufficient for the maintenance of his 
nitrogen equilibrium, although it was practically twice as great as that 



71 

(7.14 grams) of subject C. P. H. in experiment No. 399, where a slight 
gain of nitrogen was noted. 

It is true that the above results are not in harmony with those 
observed with the ordinary mixed diet, yet at the same time they are 
not unique. Voit, Rumpf , and Schumm, and Albu. as already pointed 
out (p. 30), have reported experiments with vegetarians whose average 
daily income of nitrogen was far below the tentative standards but yet 
was found to be sufficient either to just maintain the nitrogen equilib- 
rium or to cause a slight gain. Hirschfeld, ft Kumagawa, 6 Klemperer, c 
Peschel/ Caspari/ Siven/' Neumann, ^ and others have conducted 
metabolism experiments with subjects on mixed diets furnishing much 
less nitrogen than the commonly accepted standards call for and have 
found that the nitrogen equilibrium can be maintained with small 
amounts of protein in the food. 

As regards the experiments quoted, it will be seen that the minimum 
amount of protein necessary to maintain the nitrogen balance varies 
between wide limits. Klemperer reports the minimum amount 33 
grams of daily protein and the writer the maximum 87.9 grams. In 
the former case a gain is noted and in the latter a loss. It thus 
appears that with one subject, weighing 111 pounds, 33 grams protein 
and 5,018 calories were more than sufficient to attain nitrogen equilib 
rium; another subject, A. V., weighing 150 pounds, with a diet fur- 
nishing 87.9 grams protein and 3,155 calories, suffered a slight loss of 
nitrogen. These findings serve to emphasize the conclusion of Caspari 
that the minimum amount of daily protein required varies with the 
individual and may even vary with the same individual at different 
times. 

It must be remembered that although a gain of nitrogen was reported 
by Albu when the daily diet supplied only 31 grams protein and 1,100 
calories the subject was a very small woman, weighing but 83 pounds. 
Siven h brings out one point in his conclusions, in full accord with the 
results of the present investigation and which should serve as a warn- 
ing to anyone contemplating any appreciable decrease in the protein 
of the daily diet, namely, that when the protein of the food is increased 
after the body has suffered a loss of nitrogen, there is at once an effort 
to attain nitrogen equilibrium, and it appears that any gain of nitrog- 
enous body material is a comparatively slow process. This apparently 
indicates that the living substance must be slowly formed from the 
protein furnished by the diet. 

«Arch. Physiol. [Pfliiger], 41 (1887), p 533. 
&Arch. Path. Anat, u. Physiol. [Virchow], 116 (1889), p. 370. 
cArch. Path. Anat. u. Physiol. [Virchow], 116 (1889), p. 362. 
^Der Eiweissbedarf des gesunden Menschen, Inaug. Diss., Berlin, 1890. 
*Arch. Anat. u. Physiol., Physiol. Abt., 1901, p. 323. 
/Skand. Arch. Physiol., 11 (1901), p. 308. 
tfArch. Hyg., 45 (1902), p. 1. 
A Skand. Arch. Physiol., 11 (1901), p. 330. 



72 

Even if it could be proved by a large number of experiments that 
nitrogen equilibrium can be maintained on a small amount of protein, 
it would still be a great question whether or not it w T ould be wise to do 
so. There must certainly be a constant effort on the part of the 
human organism to attain this condition, and with a low protein supply 
it might be forced to do so under conditions of strain. In such a case 
the bad results might be slow in manifesting themselves, but might 
also be serious and lasting. It has also been suggested that when 
living at a fairly- high protein level the bod}* is more resistant to 
disease and other strains than when the protein level is low. 

AMOUNT OF FECES ON A FRUITARIAN DIET. 

It is interesting in this connection to compare the composition of 
the water-free feces from the digestion experiments here recorded 
with similar data from other sources, as is done in the following table: 

Table 54. — Comparison of composition of water-free feres. 



Whence obtained. 



Nature of diet. 



Weight 
of feces. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Grams. 
44. 52 


Per ct. 
4.23 


Per ct. 
26.43 


49.89 


4.09 


25. 56 


57.60 


3.84 


23.96 


96.63 


3.87 


24.18 


48.30 


4.14 


25.88 


65.3 
119.0 
96.4 


5.22 
4.87 
3.02 


31.82 
30.42 
18.89 



! Car- 
bohy 
drates. 



Heat of 
combus- 
tion per 
gram. 



Average 11 experiments; 
subject, W. S. M. 

Average 16 experiments; 
subject, C P. H. 

Average 2 experiments; 
subject, J. E. R. 

Average 1 experiment; 
subject, A. V. 

Average of above 30 ex- 
periments. 

Average 12 experiments. « 

Average 14 experiments, b. 

Average 10 experiments, d. 



Fruitarian 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Bread and milk . 
Mixed 

Bread and milk . 



I 



Per ct. 

28. 09 

24.61 

35. 23 

23. 63 

26. 05 

15. 33 
24.54 
13.94 



Per ct. 
33.69 

36.48 

30.04 

38.40 

35. 53 

33. 04 

21. 75 
37. 42 



Perct. 

11.80 

13. 35 
10.77 I 
13. 79 
12.54 

18.98 

23.29 J 
29.75 



Calories. 
5, 732 



5.479 

<-4,316 

5,568 



all. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 85. 
bU. S. Dept, Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 117. 
c Heat of combustion calculated. 
d\J. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 121. 

An examination of the above table shows that the average amount, 
49.38 grams per da} T , of water-free feces from the 30 digestion experi- 
ments with fruitarian diet is much less than the corresponding amount 
reported for either bread and milk or mixed diet. It is also consider- 
ably below the average weights, 71.16 grams and 56 grams, of water- 
free feces from digestion experiments with vegetarians reported by 
Voit rt and Albu ft , respectively. 

It will be observed that the feces from the experiments with mixed 
diet and the average from the 12 experiments with bread and milk 
diet are much larger in amount and contain more protein than the 
average of the feces from the fruitarian experiments. The latter, 
however, contain more fat and carbohydrates. 

"Ztschr. Biol., 25 (1889), p. 234. 

^Ztschr. Klin. Med. [Berlin], 43 (1901), p. 75. 



73 

It thus appears from the table that the feces from the digestion 
experiments made with fruitarians here reported are not excessive in 
amount, as has usually been found to be the case with experiments 
with a vegetarian diet containing very little or no fruit. 

METABOLIC NITROGEN IN THE FECES. 

When considering the digestibility of any article of food it is quite 
important that allowance be made for the so-called metabolic prod- 
ucts." At present there is no accurate method in vogue for the 
separation of the metabolic nitrogen from the nitrogen belonging to 
the undigested residue of the food in question, which is necessary 
in determining the true or absolute digestibility. The coefficients of 
digestibility of protein, therefore, which are obtained without taking 
into account the metabolic nitrogen, are lower more or less than they 
should be. 

If, however, the digestibility of any food or combination of foods 
is looked at in another light, the matter appears somewhat differently. 
Whether a certain amount of nitrogen is lost to the body through the 
undigested residue of the food, or whether it is lost through the 
metabolic products, makes practically no difference as regards the net 
income of nitrogen from the food; or, in other words, the real value of 
that food or food combination as a source of nitrogen to be utilized for 
other functions of the body than digestion. 

The metabolic nitrogen in the feces in nineteen of the experiments 
was determined, the method followed being the same as that previously 
used;^ that is. the feces were treated successively with hot ether, hot 
alcohol, hot water, and cold limewater, reagents which experiment 
has shown dissolve the metabolic products present. 

The results of these analyses are given in Table 55. 

Table bo.— Total nitrogen in feces and nitrogen corrected for metabolic products. 



Ex- 
peri- 
ment 

No. 


Kind of food. 


Dura- 
tion of 
test. 


Amount 
of feces 
(water- 
free ) . 


Nitrogen— 


In un- 
treated 
feces. 


In feces 
treated 
with re- 
agents. 


In meta- 
bolic prod- 
ucts. 


391 


SUBJECT C. P. H. 

Bananas, 1st day 

Bananas. 2d day 


Days. 


Grams. 
20.30 
17.60 
19. 50 


Per cent. Per cent. 
4.61 1 3.20 
4.15 3.65 
4.40 | 3.69 


Per cent. 
1.41 
.50 








.71 












3 | 57.40 4.41 3.50 


.91 








392 




54.00 
2 79 
30.00 
85. 24 


4.72 I 3.30 
4.94 3.59 
4.42 i 3.52 
3.99 I 3.29 


1.42 








1.35 








.90 




Bananas and almonds, 4th day 




.70 













4 172. 03 


4. 31 3 34 


.97 

















f 'See discussion of the subject in U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations 
Buls. 85 and 107. 

&TJ. S. Dept. of Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 107. 



74 

Table 55.- — Total nitrogen in frees and nitrogen corrected for metabolic products — C't'd. 



Ex- 
peri- 
ment 

No. 






Amount 
of feces 
( water- 
free). 


Nitrogen— 


Dura- 
Kind of food. j tion of 
test. 


In un- 
treated 
feces. 


In feces 
treated 
with re- 
agents. 


In meta- 
bolic prod- 
ucts. 


395 


subject c. p. h.— continued. 

Days. 


Grams. 
29. 38 
38.49 
65.78 
30.41 


Per cent. 
3.98 
4.00 
3.66 
4.08 


Per cent. 
2.78 
2.92 
2.88 
3.30 


Per cent. 
1.20 






1.08 






.78 






.78 












4 


164. 06 


3.88 


2.95 


.93 












69.86 
79. 52 
9.10 
56. 98 


4.78 
5.22 
5.92 
4.77 


3.19 

3.53 
4.22 
3.34 


1.59 






1.69 






1.70 






1.43 




For whole period 








4 


215.46 


4.99 


3.40 


1.59 


399 




38.99 
43.52 
35.48 
44.49 


4.69 

4.81 
4.49 
4.00 


3.69 
3.59 
3.69 
3.15 


1.00 






1.22 






.80 








.85 












4 


162. 48 


4.49 


3.52 


.97 




Apples, bananas, and walnuts, 1st 




400 




37.79 
83.58 

26. 20 
28.90 


5. 49 
4. 60 
5.16 
4.70 


4.05 1.44 




Apples, bananas, and walnuts, 2d 




3.31 
3.73 
3.33 


1.29 




Apples, bananas, and walnuts, 3d 




1.43 




Apples, bananas, and walnuts, 4th 




1.37 












. 4 176.47 


4.89 


3.53 | 1.36 




Apples, bananas, and almonds, 1st 




402 




36.99 
52. £8 
55. 98 
59.40 


4.96 
4.48 
4.61 
3.99 


3.81 
3.47 
3.53 
2.99 


1.15 




Apples, bananas, and almonds, 2d 




1.01 




Apples, bananas, and almonds, 3d 




1.08 




Apples, bananas, and almonds, 4th 




1.C0 














4 i 205.35 


4.46 


3.41 


1.05 




Apples, bananas, and Brazil nuts, 




404 




90.82 
30.79 
37.40 
23. 30 


3.17 
2.80 
4.13 
4.20 


2.61 
2.24 
3.35 
3.48 


.56 




Apples, bananas, and Brazil nuts, 
2d day 




.56 




Apples, bananas, and Brazil nuts, 




.78 




Apples, bananas, and Brazil nuts, 
4th day 




.72 














4 


182. 31 3. 44 


2,81 


.63 












166.90 4.36 


3.31 


1.05 




SUBJECT w. S. M. 










28.85 
15.00 
25.40 

58.50 


3.79 
4.05 
4.50 
3.49 


2.92 
3.23 
2.99 
2.49 


.87 








.82 








1.51 








1.00 












4 


127.75 3.82 


2.77 


1.05 








389 




57. 40 
40.28 
20.82 
34.34 


3.88 
3.09 
2.89 
3.81 


3.08 
2.01 
2.04 
2.65 


.80 








1.08 








.85 








1.16 














4 


152. 84 


3.53 


2. 56 


.97 








390 




31.81 
63. 06 
30.54 
43.10 


4. 20 
3.57 
3.55 
3.56 


3.19 
2.61 
2.66 

2.55 


1.01 








.96 








.69 




Grapes, Brazil nuts, granose, 4th day . 




1.01 










4 


168. 51 


3.68 


2.72 


.96 









75 

Table 55. — Total nitrogen in feces and nitrogen corrected for metabolic products. — C't'd. 



Ex- 
peri- 
ment. 

No. 



Kind of food. 



subject w. s. m. — eontinned. 

Grapes, walnuts, granose. 1st day . . 
Grapes, walnuts, granose, 2d day .. 
Grapes, walnuts, granose. 3d day . . 
Grapes, walnuts, granose, 4th day . 



For whole period . 



Persimmons and peanuts, 1st day. . 
Persimmons and peanuts, 2d day . . 
Persimmons and peanuts, 3d day.. 
Persimmons and peanuts, 4th day. 

For whole period 



Pears, walnuts, milk (227 grams), 

I granose ( 113 grams ) , 1st day 

j Pears, walnuts, milk (227 grams), 

granose (113 grams), 2d day 

Pears, walnuts, milk (227 grams), 

granose ( 113 grams > , 3d day 

Pears, walnuts, milk (227 grams), 
granose (113 grams), 4th day 



Amount 

of feces T 

( SeeT ' SSi 

*ree). , feceg _ 



Nitrogen — 



Dura- 
tion of 



Sited Inmeta " 

Shre- bolieprod- 
agents. ucls ' 



Days. 



11.20 
34.78 
15. 75 



4.43 
5.17 
4.72 



150.23 



60.37 
53.50 

85.00 
34.00 



3.82 i 
3.02 ] 
3.39 | 



232.96 



53. 30 
58.80 
24. 20 
48.18 



4.01 

3.78 
4.18 
3.98 



3.04 
4.03 
3.37 
3.74 



;. 26 



2.44 
2.23 | 
2.43 
2.32 



1.14 
1.35 
1.58 



1.04 



1.13 
1.10 

1.13 
1.59 







4 


184.48 


3.95 


2.71 


1.24 










398 




39. 59 
33.69 
49.79 
52.38 


3.49 
3.48 
2.93 
3.12 


2.40 
2. 23 
1.76 
2.05 


1.09 








1.25 








1.17 








1.07 












4 175.45 


3.22 


2.08 


1.14 




Dried figs,apples,and walnuts, lstday. 
Dried figs,apples,and walnuts, 2d day. 
Dried rigs. apples, and walnuts. 3d day. 
Dried rigs,apples,andwalnuts,4thday 




401 




53.80 
55.28 


5.27 
4.88 
5.48 
5.94 


3.44 

3.56 
3.43 
3.59 


1.83 






1.32 






41.17 
70.98 


2.05 






2.35 




4 


221. 23 


5.43 


3.52 


1.91 








403 




69.70 
68. 70 
47. 55 
34.60 


5.27 
4. 55 
5.29 
4.35 


3.28 
2.42 
2.50 
2.31 


1.99 








2.13 








2.79 




Apples, dates, and peanuts, 4th day . 




2.04 










4 


220. 55 


4.91 


2.69 


2 22 








405 




47.07 
47.49 
30.00 
35.20 


4.33 
4.58 
4.97 
4.40 


3.18 
3.81 
3.59 
3.38 


1.15 












Apples, dates, and pecans, 3d dav . . . 




1.38 








1.02 












4 


159. 76 


4. 55 


3.49 


1 06 










406 




20.49 
64.98 
29.40 
55.50 


4.89 
5.11 
4.93 
5.33 


3.25 
3.23 
3.81 
3.15 


1.64 






1.88 






1.12 




Apples, raisins, and walnuts, 4th dav 


2.18 




For whole period 








4 


165. 37 


5.12 


3.31 


1.81 




Average of experiments 








178. 10 


4.21 


2.86 


1.35 



As will be seen by the figures in the table, the metabolic nitrogen 
is equal to the total nitrogen in the untreated feces less the amount 
remaining in the feces after treatment with the reagents; that is, it is 
equivalent to the amount dissolved out by the reagents. In a previous 
experiment a it was found that the solvents above mentioned dissolved 
i2 per cent of the total nitrogen present. 



a TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bill. 107 



76 

The average amount of metabolic nitrogen in the feces in the 
experiments with the three subjects was 42.0, 32.1, and 24.1 per cent, 
respectively, or a general average of 32.7 per cent, a value which 
agrees very closely with that found by Woods and Merrill a for a man 
on bread and milk diet, viz, 32 per cent. In later experiments not 
yet published the same authors with a different method of examina- 
tion obtained much higher results. They state, however, that they 
consider that the ether, alcohol, and limewater method yields the most 
trustworthy results. 

It would seem desirable and necessary to accumulate more data 
regarding metabolic nitrogen before drawing any definite conclusions. 

PECUNIARY ECONOMY OF FRUITS AND NUTS. 



The object of this discussion is to present one side of the pecuniary 
economy of food, especially fruit and nuts. The composition and 
digestibility of nuts and fruits has been discussed in the foregoing 
pag'es, but little has been said regarding their comparative cost as 
sources of nutrients and energy. 

The table below shows the comparative cost per pound of the total 
protein and per 1,000 calories of energy when furnished by different 
fruits and nuts and food products derived from them, and also the 
amount of nutrients and energy furnished for 10 cents rating the 
foods at certain average prices per pound. For purposes of com- 
parison a few of the more common foods have been included also. As 
already noted, fruits contain very little protein, therefore no matter 
how low the price of the fruit per pound the cost of the protein must 
of necessity be high. Nuts, on the other hand, being rich in protein, 
would supplv this nutrient at a much lower cost. The principal nutri- 
ent in fruits belongs to the group carbohydrates. Nuts are rich in 
fats. Both fruit and nuts therefore are sources of energy, the amount 
varying within rather wide limits. 

Table 56. — Comparative cost of total nutrients and energy in different food materials at 

average prices. 



Amounts for 1U cents. 



Kind of food material. 



Price 

per 

pound. 



Cost of 
1 pound 
pro- 
tein. 



cSH^ Pro- 

™^ mate | tyin 
: rial. I 



Fat. 



Carbo- 
hy- Energy. 

draft's. 



Fresh fruits: 

Apples 

Apricots 

Bananas 

Cantaloupes . 

Cherries 

Figs 

Grapes 

Lemons 

Limes 

Nectarines . . . 



Cents. 



Do/tors 
5.00 
3.00 
8.75 

11.67 
4.45 
4.67 
4.00 

10.00 
3.57 

13.33 



Cents. Pox a tU, 



11.8 

23.3 
38.9 
11.6 
18.4 
11.9 I 
48.3 ; 
17.2 
28.1 I 



3.33 
1.43 
2.86 
2.50 
1.43 
2.50 
1.43 
4.00 



['a 1 1, id-. 
0.02 
.03 



Pound*. 
0.02 



Pounds. 
0. 72 I 
.42 
.21 
.13 i 
.40 



.08 
.24 

.19 



Calories. 

1.467 
849 
429 
257 
862 
543 
837 
207 
580 
356 



a U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 85. 



77 

Table 56. — Comparative cost of total materials and energy in different food materials at 
average prices — Continued. 





Price 

per 
pound. 


Cost of 
L pound 
pro- 
tein. 


Cost of 

1,000 

calories 

energy. 


Amounts for 10 cents. 


Kind of food material. 


Total 

weight 
of food 
mate- 
rial. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Carbo- 
hy- 
drates. 


Energy. 


Fresh fruits— Continued. 


Cents. 
6 

10 
4 
3 

10 

i 

3 
5 

10 

1* 

12 

10 
3 
10 
10 
15 
12 
15 
10 
10 

16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 

16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 

16 
16 
16 
16 
16 

20 
20 
20 
20 
20 


Dollars. 
10.00 
4.90 
8.00 
6.00 
9. 62 
9.76 
3.33 
4.29 
8.33 
6.66 
7.50 

7.50 
2. 13 
6.00 
4.17 
5.26 
3.50 
4.28 
3.06 
5.56 
4.35 

91.43 
53.33 
8.42 
16.00 
32.00 
26.66 
20.00 
32. 00 
32. 00 
40.00 
13.33 
26.66 
53.33 
32.00 
32.00 
53.33 
40.00 
22. 85 
53.33 
26.67 
14.56 
22.85 

53.33 
32.00 
66.67 
14.56 
40.00 
40.00 
53.33 
53.33 

228. 57 
40.00 
80.00 
32.00 
80.00 

100.00 
80.00 
40.00 
53.33 

17.78 
14. 56 
53.33 
20.00 
29. 10 

37.04 
57.14 
250. 00 
83.33 
34.48 


Cents. 
35.2 
13.6 
25.1 
11.5 
34.3 
3.8 
8.1 
9.0 
28.4 
21.7 
25.0 

8.9 
7.75 
1.97 
6.7 
6.9 

10.2 
7.4 

10.8 
8.4 
6.9 

13.8 
40.5 
16.0 
11.9 
12.1 
12.8 
26.2 
13.0 
13.2 
12.7 
20.4 
10.1 
12.7 
37.2 
13.0 
14.1 
12.7 
12.6 
12.8 
12.0 
13.8 
12.3 

12.2 
13.5 
14.6 
11.0 
13.1 
13.4 
13.1 
10.5 
13.8 
13.0 
13.2 
13.7 
10.3 
12.6 
13.3 
13.3 
13.5 

47.1 
38.9 
45.5 
53.2 
28.6 

140.8 
133.3 
200. 
128.2 
181.8 


Pounds. 
1.67 
1.00 
2.50 
3.33 
1.00 
2.50 
3.33 
3.33 
2.00 
1.00 
6.67 

.83 
1.00 
3.33 
1.00 
1.00 
.67 
.83 
.67 
1.00 
1.00 

.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 

.62 
.62 
' .62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 

.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.62 

.50 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.50 


Pounds. 
0.01 
.02 
.01 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.03 
.02 
.01 
.02 
.01 

.01 
.05 
.02 
.02 
.02 
.03 
.02 
.03 
.02 
.02 


Founds. 


0.14 

"6i" 

""""62" 

.02 
.01 

.05 
.02 
.03 

'""."64" 
""'.OS 


Pounds. 
0.14 
.07 
.19 
.42 
.13 
.13 
.64 
.58 
.17 
.20 
.18 

.55 
.63 
2.60 
.74 
.71 
.50 
.61 
.45 
.62 
.69 

.39 
.12 
.30 
.44 
.44 
.42 
.43 
.41 
.40 
.42 
.25 
.52 
.42 
.14 
.41 
.38 
.42 
.42 
.42 
.44 
.38 
.43 

.43 
.40 
.37 
.48 
.41 
.40 
.40 
.51 
.39 
.41 
.40 
.39 
.39 
. .43 
.40 
.40 
.39 

.11 
.13 
.11 
.09 
.12 

.03 
.04 
.03 
.04 
.03 


Calories. 
284 


Olives 


737 




398 




866 




292 




263 




1,232 




1,115 




352 




460 




400 


Dried fruits: 


1,121 


Apricots 


1,290 
5,078 




1,495 


Dates 


1,450 


Figs .- 


988 
1,357 




926 




1,190 




1,445 


Jams, preserves, etc.: 


727 








245 




.01 


.01 


620 




836 








823 








781 








378 








768 








752 








780 




.01 




487 




983 








785 








267 








766 








707 








781 


Plum 






786 








778 








833 








722 








810 


Jellies: 






812 








742 








684 








902 








764 








744 








745 








952 








724 
















755 


Plum 






732 
















794 




750 








753 








738 


Canned fruits: 


.01 




211 




257 


Pears 






220 








188 








350 


Juices- 


I 




71 




"!!"".! 




75 




50 


Grape (Ives seedling) 







78 


Orange (Florida navel) 






55 



Table 56. — Comparative cost of total materials and energy in different food materials at 
average prices — Continued. 



Kind of food material. 



Price 

per 

pound. 



Cost of 

1 pound 

pro- 

tien. 



Cost of 

1,000 
calories 
energy. 



Amounts for 10 cents. 



Total 
weight 
of food 

mate- 
rial. 



Pro- 
tein. 



Carbo- 
hy- 
drates. 



Juices— Continued. 

Peach 

Pear (Bartlett) 

Pineapple 

Plum (Damson) ,. 

Plum (wild fox) 

Mixed fruit 

Berries: 

Blackberries 

Cranberries 

Currants 

Gooseberries 

Huckleberries 

Loganberries 

Raspberries 

Strawberries 

Whortleberries 

Nuts: 

Almonds 

Beechnuts 

Brazil nuts 

Butternuts 

Chestnuts 

Cocoanuts 

Filberts 

Hickory nuts 

Lichi nuts 

Peanuts 

Pecans 

Pine nuts 

Pignolias 

Pistachios 

Walnuts ; 

Butters: 

Apple 

Peanut 

Beef, fresh: 

Porterhouse steak 

Round 

Mutton : 

Leg, hind 

Loin chops 

Pork: Ham, smoked 

Fish: 

Cod, dressed 

Halibut, steak or sections 

Shad, whole 

Fish: Canned sardines 

Shellfish: 

Oysters, "solids," 50 cents 
per quart 

Crabs, 15 cents 

Eggs: Hen's, 24 cents per dozen. . 
Dairy products: 

Whole milk 

Cheese, cheddar 

Skim milk 

Flour, meal, etc.: 

Entire wheat flour 

Gluten flour 

Wheat flour, patent roller 
process, high grade and 
medium 

Macaroni and vermicelli 

Wheat breakfast food 

Oat breakfast food , 

Bread, pastry, etc.: 

White bread 

Rye bread 

Sugars, etc.: 

Sugar 

Candy 

Vegetables: 

Beans, dried 

Celery 

Potatoes, 90 cents per bushel 



Cents. 
20 



Pollars. 
90.91 

222. 22 
54.05 
46.51 

142. 85 



5.38 
12. 50 
3.33 
10.64 
6.67 
6.42 
7.00 
7.78 
5.71 

1.30 
.77 
1.74 
3.95 
1.54 
1.72 
2.00 
1.55 
20.60 
.36 
2.94 
1.27 
.75 



1.23 
1.55 

.90 
1.17 
2.12 
1.67 



4.17 
1.90 
1.22 

1.06 

' .58 



.22 
1.87 



Cents. 
126.6 



101.0 
172.4 

25.9 
23.3 
18.9 
19.2 
11.6 
26.5 
27.4 
40.0 
10.3 

9.0 
5.5 



8.5 
3.5 
9.5 
7.1 
40.0 
3.6 
8.1 
5.4 



.22 
5.56 
.83 



22.2 
10.2 
13.1 

46.5 
38.3 
52.6 
42.1 



108. 7 
76.9 
25.2 

10.5 
7.5 



1.5 

15.2 



4.2 
4.3 

3.2 
11.2 

3.1 
71.4 

4.8 



Pounds. 
0.50 
.50 
1*50 
.50 
.50 
.50 

1.43 
2.00 
2.00 
2.00 
2.50 
1.43 
1.43 
1.43 
2.50 

.67 
1.00 
.67 
.67 
1.25 
2.00 



1.43 
.67 

1.25 
.40 



2.00 
.50 



0.02 
.01 



.62 
.46 

1.00 
.56 
.50 
.25 



.62 I 
5.00 



4.00 
.67 



2.00 
2.00 



2.00 
2.00 
6.67 



0.01 
.01 



Pounds. 
0.04 
.06 
.06 
.06 
.05 



3.00 
.30 
1.00 



1.06 
1.06 



1.19 
.05 



79 

From the data in the above table it appears that the fruit juices are 
the most expensive sources of protein among- the fruits and their 
products and that dried fruit is the cheapest, although the latter is far 
outranked in this respect by the nuts. 

The average price per pound of the protein of nuts ranges higher 
than the corresponding average of meats, but the cost (36 cents) per 
pound of peanut protein is lower than that reported for meats, fish, 
eggs, milk, dairy products, prepared cereals, and gluten flour. The 
only foods mentioned in the table which furnish protein at a less cost 
than peanuts are the flours and dried beans. 

The nuts are the cheapest source of energy for the strict fruitarian, 
the peanut ranging far ahead of any other variety. The price, 3.6 
cents for 1,000 calories of energy, recorded for peanuts is considerably 
less than the corresponding cost noted for any of the animal foods, 
and is below that given in the table for potatoes at 90 cents per bushel. 
Wheat flour supplies energy more cheaply than peanuts, bat the cost 
of 1,000 calories, when supplied by sugar at 6 cents and by dried 
beans at 5 cents per pound, approaches very closely to the cost when 
furnished by peanuts. The peanut deserves special mention because 
it is the cheapest of the domestic nuts, containing the highest percent- 
age of protein, with maximum fuel value and minimum refuse. 

As may be seen by a reference to the table, 10 cents will purchase 
more protein and energy when expended for the flours and meals than 
in any other way, but it must be remembered in this, connection that 
these are the raw materials requiring considerable preparation before 
they are palatable. This is not necessary with fruits and nuts, except 
in the case of the peanut, which is usually roasted before it is considered 
palatable by most persons, though there are those who prefer it raw. 

While it is true that 10 cents will buy more animal protein than 
fruit protein, it will on the average purchase fully as much energy 
when spent for fresh fruits and more in the case of dried fruits than 
when expended for lean meats. When considering nuts it is readih- 
observed that 10 cents will buy about the same amount of nut protein 
as of animal protein, except in case of cheese and skim milk. If 
spent for peanuts, it will purchase more than twice the protein and six 
times the energy that could be bought for the same expenditure for 
porterhouse steak. 

It is of more than passing interest to note that 10 cents worth of 
peanuts will contain about 4 ounces (120 grams) of protein and 2,767 
calories of energy, which is more protein than that furnished by any 
of the diets and more energy than most of the diets used in the experi- 
ments here reported. Although peanuts supply protein and energy 
for a smaller sum than bread, they are outranked by dried beans, which, 
at 5 cents a pound, will supply for 10 cents over 200 grams of protein 
and 3,040 calories of energy. If more peanuts and dried beans had 



80 

been used by the fruitarians studied, the diet would have been enriched 
and the cost decreased. 

The almond, so much in favor with fruitarians, furnishes for 10 
cents about one-third the protein and less than one-half the energy 
supplied by peanuts. 

SUMMARY. 

A review of the results of the studies of the fruit and nut diet seems 
to bring out the following points of interest perhaps more promi- 
nently than some others: 

While some of the dietaries make it plain that it is possible to obtain 
the requisite amount of protein and a proper fuel value from a fruita- 
rian diet, still the majority of those studied fell far below the tentative 
standards. At the same time it is not just to ascribe this entirely to 
the form of diet. These same people might have consumed no larger 
quantities of nutrients on a mixed diet. 

The nutritive value of the fruitarian diet is shown most clearly in 
the case of the university student, who, though entirely unaccustomed 
to such fare, gradually changed from an ordinary mixed diet to one of 
fruit and nuts without apparent loss of health or strength. He was 
then able for eight days to carry on his usual college work and also for 
part of the time to perform heav} r physical work on an exclusively 
fruitarian diet without any material loss in weight. 

It would seem from the data that it was more difficult for two of the 
subjects to obtain the requisite amount of protein when on a limited 
diet of one kind of nut combined with fruits than it was when they were 
unrestricted and ate of a variety of each. In nearly all cases where the 
diet was limited in variety, consisting of combinations of one or two 
fruits with one kind of nuts, the subject uniformly complained of a 
constant craving for something else, as green vegetables or cereals. 
At such times it was found that the coefficients of digestibility were 
lower than those recorded when the subject ate some vegetables or 
cereals which made the diet more appetizing. 

The dietaries which included cereals furnished more protein and 
energy in most cases than those which were limited strictly to fruit 
and nuts. 

Thechief sources of nutriment in fruits are the carbohydrates, which, 
judging by results of the experiments here reported, possess a 
coefficient of digestibility only slightly lower than the carbohydrates 
of the mixed diet. 

The cost of the food per person per day in the nine dietary studies 
varied from 18 cents to 46 cents. 

The amount of nitrogen excreted in the urine was small, as would 
be expected when the diet contains so little protein. Nitrogen equi- 
librium was maintained in 14 of the 31 digestion experiments, and in 



81 

some cases this was done with a smaller amount of protein than was 
usually consumed by the same subject during 1 the dietary studies. 

The feces excreted per day during- the digestion experiments were 
less in amount than has been noted in some experiments with a mixed 
diet or a diet of bread and milk. This is contrary to what has been 
found usuall} T with a vegetarian diet made up of bread and other cereal 
foods, garden vegetables, etc., and containing little or no fruit and 
nuts. The percentage of so-called metabolic nitrogen in the feces 
examined did not exceed that found by other investigators in feces 
from a bread and milk diet. 

Although it is undoubtedly advisable to wait until more data have 
been gathered before making definite statements regarding the digest- 
ibility of different fruits and nuts., enough work has been done to 
show that they are quite thoroughly digested and have a much higher 
nutritive value than is popularly attributed to them. In view of this 
it is certainly an error to consider nuts merely as an accessory to an 
already heavy meal and to regard fruit merely as something of value 
for its pleasant flavor or for its h} T gienic or medicinal virtues. 

As shown by their composition and digestibility, both fruit and 
nuts can be favorably compared with other and more common foods. 
As sources of carbohydrates, fruits at ordinary prices are not expen- 
sive; and as sources of protein and fat, nuts at usual prices are 
reasonable. 

In the present investigations the question of the wholesomeness of 
a long-continued diet of fruit and nuts is not taken up. The agree- 
ment of one food or another with any person is frequently more or 
less a matter of personal idiosyncrasy, but it seems fair to say that 
those with whom nuts and fruits agree can, if they desire, readily 
secure a considerable part of their nutritive material from such sources. 

o 

14:53— No. 132—03 6 



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/& 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




